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475 lines
21 KiB
475 lines
21 KiB
4 months ago
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>pcre2jit specification</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
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<h1>pcre2jit man page</h1>
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<p>
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Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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This page is part of the PCRE2 HTML documentation. It was generated
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automatically from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it,
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please consult the man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
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<br>
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<ul>
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<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PCRE2 JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a>
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<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a>
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<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a>
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<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">MATCHING SUBJECTS CONTAINING INVALID UTF</a>
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<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a>
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<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT MATCHING</a>
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<li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a>
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<li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">JIT STACK FAQ</a>
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<li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">FREEING JIT SPECULATIVE MEMORY</a>
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<li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">EXAMPLE CODE</a>
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<li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">JIT FAST PATH API</a>
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<li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">SEE ALSO</a>
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<li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">AUTHOR</a>
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<li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">REVISION</a>
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</ul>
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<br><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PCRE2 JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a><br>
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<P>
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Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up
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pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the
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match is performed, so it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to
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be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching
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function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take place many
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times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call. Therefore,
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if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT even for
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one-off matches. JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and
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32-bit PCRE2 libraries.
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</P>
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<P>
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JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function.
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It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for
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this support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a><br>
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<P>
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JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE2. The "configure" option
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--enable-jit (or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE2 is built if
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you want to use JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware
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platforms:
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<pre>
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ARM 32-bit (v5, v7, and Thumb2)
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ARM 64-bit
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Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
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MIPS 32-bit and 64-bit
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Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
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SPARC 32-bit
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</pre>
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If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
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</P>
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<P>
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A program can tell if JIT support is available by calling <b>pcre2_config()</b>
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with the PCRE2_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0
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otherwise. However, a simple program does not need to check this in order to
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use JIT. The API is implemented in a way that falls back to the interpretive
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code if JIT is not available. For programs that need the best possible
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performance, there is also a "fast path" API that is JIT-specific.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a><br>
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<P>
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To make use of the JIT support in the simplest way, all you have to do is to
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call <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> after successfully compiling a pattern with
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<b>pcre2_compile()</b>. This function has two arguments: the first is the
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compiled pattern pointer that was returned by <b>pcre2_compile()</b>, and the
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second is zero or more of the following option bits: PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE,
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PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD, or PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT.
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</P>
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<P>
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If JIT support is not available, a call to <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> does
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nothing and returns PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION. Otherwise, the compiled pattern
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is passed to the JIT compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes
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much faster than the normal interpretive code, but yields exactly the same
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results. The returned value from <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> is zero on success,
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or a negative error code.
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</P>
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<P>
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There is a limit to the size of pattern that JIT supports, imposed by the size
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of machine stack that it uses. The exact rules are not documented because they
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may change at any time, in particular, when new optimizations are introduced.
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If a pattern is too big, a call to <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> returns
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PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY.
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</P>
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<P>
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PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete
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matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD or
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PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT options of <b>pcre2_match()</b>, you should set one or both
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of the other options as well as, or instead of PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE. The JIT
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compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three modes
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(normal, soft partial, hard partial). When <b>pcre2_match()</b> is called, the
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appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched
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using interpretive code.
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</P>
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<P>
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You can call <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> multiple times for the same compiled
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pattern. It does nothing if it has previously compiled code for any of the
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option bits. For example, you can call it once with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and
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(perhaps later, when you find you need partial matching) again with
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PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD. This time it will ignore
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PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and just compile code for partial matching. If
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<b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> is called with no option bits set, it immediately
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returns zero. This is an alternative way of testing whether JIT is available.
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</P>
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<P>
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At present, it is not possible to free JIT compiled code except when the entire
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compiled pattern is freed by calling <b>pcre2_code_free()</b>.
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</P>
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<P>
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In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are
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described in the section entitled
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<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
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below.
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</P>
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<P>
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There are some <b>pcre2_match()</b> options that are not supported by JIT, and
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there are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given
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below. In both cases, matching automatically falls back to the interpretive
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code. If you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a particular match,
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you should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up as described in the
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section entitled
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<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
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below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a
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callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the
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match-time options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is
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not obeyed.
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</P>
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<P>
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If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You
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can find out if JIT matching is available after compiling a pattern by calling
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<b>pcre2_pattern_info()</b> with the PCRE2_INFO_JITSIZE option. A non-zero
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result means that JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means that JIT
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support is not available, or the pattern was not processed by
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<b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>, or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the
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pattern.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">MATCHING SUBJECTS CONTAINING INVALID UTF</a><br>
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<P>
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When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE2_UTF option, subject strings are
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normally expected to be a valid sequence of UTF code units. By default, this is
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checked at the start of matching and an error is generated if invalid UTF is
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detected. The PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK option can be passed to <b>pcre2_match()</b> to
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skip the check (for improved performance) if you are sure that a subject string
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is valid. If this option is used with an invalid string, the result is
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undefined.
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</P>
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<P>
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However, a way of running matches on strings that may contain invalid UTF
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sequences is available. Calling <b>pcre2_compile()</b> with the
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PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF option has two effects: it tells the interpreter in
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<b>pcre2_match()</b> to support invalid UTF, and, if <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>
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is called, the compiled JIT code also supports invalid UTF. Details of how this
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support works, in both the JIT and the interpretive cases, is given in the
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<a href="pcre2unicode.html"><b>pcre2unicode</b></a>
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documentation.
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</P>
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<P>
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There is also an obsolete option for <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b> called
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PCRE2_JIT_INVALID_UTF, which currently exists only for backward compatibility.
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It is superseded by the <b>pcre2_compile()</b> option PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF
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and should no longer be used. It may be removed in future.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a><br>
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<P>
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The <b>pcre2_match()</b> options that are supported for JIT matching are
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PCRE2_COPY_MATCHED_SUBJECT, PCRE2_NOTBOL, PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY,
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PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and
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PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. The PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_ENDANCHORED options are not
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supported at match time.
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</P>
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<P>
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If the PCRE2_NO_JIT option is passed to <b>pcre2_match()</b> it disables the
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use of JIT, forcing matching by the interpreter code.
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</P>
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<P>
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The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when
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running in a UTF mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition
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in a conditional group.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT MATCHING</a><br>
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<P>
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When a pattern is matched using JIT matching, the return values are the same
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as those given by the interpretive <b>pcre2_match()</b> code, with the addition
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of one new error code: PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory
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used for the JIT stack was insufficient. See
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<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
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below for a discussion of JIT stack usage.
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</P>
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<P>
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The error code PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching
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a very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same
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circumstance when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted
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are not the same. The PCRE2_ERROR_DEPTHLIMIT error code is never returned
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when JIT matching is used.
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<a name="stackcontrol"></a></P>
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<br><a name="SEC7" href="#TOC1">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a><br>
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<P>
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When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack.
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By default, it uses 32KiB on the machine stack. However, some large or
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complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT
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is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for
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managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion
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about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled
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<a href="#stackfaq">"JIT stack FAQ"</a>
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below.
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</P>
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<P>
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The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b> function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments
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are a starting size, a maximum size, and a general context (for memory
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allocation functions, or NULL for standard memory allocation). It returns a
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pointer to an opaque structure of type <b>pcre2_jit_stack</b>, or NULL if there
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is an error. The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_free()</b> function is used to free a stack
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that is no longer needed. If its argument is NULL, this function returns
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immediately, without doing anything. (For the technically minded: the address
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space is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.) A maximum stack size of 512KiB to
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1MiB should be more than enough for any pattern.
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</P>
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<P>
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The <b>pcre2_jit_stack_assign()</b> function specifies which stack JIT code
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should use. Its arguments are as follows:
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<pre>
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pcre2_match_context *mcontext
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pcre2_jit_callback callback
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void *data
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</pre>
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The first argument is a pointer to a match context. When this is subsequently
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passed to a matching function, its information determines which JIT stack is
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used. If this argument is NULL, the function returns immediately, without doing
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anything. There are three cases for the values of the other two options:
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<pre>
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(1) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is NULL, an internal 32KiB block
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on the machine stack is used. This is the default when a match
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context is created.
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(2) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is not NULL, <i>data</i> must be
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a pointer to a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
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<b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b>.
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(3) If <i>callback</i> is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
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called with <i>data</i> as an argument at the start of matching, in
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order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
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function is NULL, the internal 32KiB stack is used; otherwise the
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return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
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<b>pcre2_jit_stack_create()</b>.
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</pre>
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A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not
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obeyed when <b>pcre2_match()</b> is called with options that are incompatible
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for JIT matching. A callback function can therefore be used to determine
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whether a match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
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</P>
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<P>
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You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by
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assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are matched
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sequentially in the same thread. Currently, the only way to set up
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non-sequential matches in one thread is to use callouts: if a callout function
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starts another match, that match must use a different JIT stack to the one used
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for currently suspended match(es).
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</P>
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<P>
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In a multithread application, if you do not
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specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that
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is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine stack. However, if you
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assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for
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each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
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</P>
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<P>
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Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack
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to a match context that is used by any number of patterns, as long as they are
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not used for matching by multiple threads at the same time. For example, you
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could use the same stack in all compiled patterns, with a global mutex in the
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callback to wait until the stack is available for use. However, this is an
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inefficient solution, and not recommended.
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</P>
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<P>
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This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up
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non-default JIT stacks might operate:
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<pre>
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During thread initalization
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thread_local_var = pcre2_jit_stack_create(...)
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During thread exit
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|
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pcre2_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Use a one-line callback function
|
||
|
|
return thread_local_var
|
||
|
|
</pre>
|
||
|
|
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available.
|
||
|
|
<a name="stackfaq"></a></P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC8" href="#TOC1">JIT STACK FAQ</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
PCRE2 (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where
|
||
|
|
the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes.
|
||
|
|
Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the
|
||
|
|
stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC.
|
||
|
|
Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So
|
||
|
|
we do the recursion in memory.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with <b>malloc()</b>?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space
|
||
|
|
instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this
|
||
|
|
address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is
|
||
|
|
important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1MiB address space, and
|
||
|
|
use only a single memory page (usually 4KiB) if that is enough. However, we can
|
||
|
|
still grow up to 1MiB anytime if needed.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or
|
||
|
|
anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is being used by
|
||
|
|
<b>pcre2_match()</b>, (that is, it is assigned to a match context that is passed
|
||
|
|
to the pattern currently running), that stack must not be used by any other
|
||
|
|
threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area). The best practice for
|
||
|
|
multithreaded programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and return this
|
||
|
|
stack through the JIT callback function.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by
|
||
|
|
<b>pcre2_match()</b> again. When you assign the stack to a match context, only a
|
||
|
|
pointer is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free
|
||
|
|
compiled patterns, contexts, and stacks in any order, anytime.
|
||
|
|
Just <i>do not</i> call <b>pcre2_match()</b> with a match context pointing to an
|
||
|
|
already freed stack, as that will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack
|
||
|
|
currently used by <b>pcre2_match()</b> in another thread). You can also replace
|
||
|
|
the stack in a context at any time when it is not in use. You should free the
|
||
|
|
previous stack before assigning a replacement.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling
|
||
|
|
<b>pcre2_match()</b>?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could
|
||
|
|
implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's
|
||
|
|
say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achieve this without keeping a
|
||
|
|
list of patterns.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a
|
||
|
|
pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1MiB? Is that 1MiB kept until the
|
||
|
|
stack is freed?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory
|
||
|
|
sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment.
|
||
|
|
Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for
|
||
|
|
any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would
|
||
|
|
be a good idea if someone needs this.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT
|
||
|
|
stack handling?
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw
|
||
|
|
out this complicated API.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC9" href="#TOC1">FREEING JIT SPECULATIVE MEMORY</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<b>void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *<i>gcontext</i>);</b>
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The JIT executable allocator does not free all memory when it is possible.
|
||
|
|
It expects new allocations, and keeps some free memory around to improve
|
||
|
|
allocation speed. However, in low memory conditions, it might be better to free
|
||
|
|
all possible memory. You can cause this to happen by calling
|
||
|
|
pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(). Its argument is a general context, for custom
|
||
|
|
memory management, or NULL for standard memory management.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC10" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE CODE</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a
|
||
|
|
callback. A real program should include error checking after all the function
|
||
|
|
calls.
|
||
|
|
<pre>
|
||
|
|
int rc;
|
||
|
|
pcre2_code *re;
|
||
|
|
pcre2_match_data *match_data;
|
||
|
|
pcre2_match_context *mcontext;
|
||
|
|
pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack;
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
re = pcre2_compile(pattern, PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED, 0,
|
||
|
|
&errornumber, &erroffset, NULL);
|
||
|
|
rc = pcre2_jit_compile(re, PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE);
|
||
|
|
mcontext = pcre2_match_context_create(NULL);
|
||
|
|
jit_stack = pcre2_jit_stack_create(32*1024, 512*1024, NULL);
|
||
|
|
pcre2_jit_stack_assign(mcontext, NULL, jit_stack);
|
||
|
|
match_data = pcre2_match_data_create(re, 10);
|
||
|
|
rc = pcre2_match(re, subject, length, 0, 0, match_data, mcontext);
|
||
|
|
/* Process result */
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
pcre2_code_free(re);
|
||
|
|
pcre2_match_data_free(match_data);
|
||
|
|
pcre2_match_context_free(mcontext);
|
||
|
|
pcre2_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC11" href="#TOC1">JIT FAST PATH API</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted matching when JIT is
|
||
|
|
not available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use
|
||
|
|
in many environments. However, calling JIT via <b>pcre2_match()</b> does have a
|
||
|
|
performance impact. Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be
|
||
|
|
available, and which need the best possible performance, can instead use a
|
||
|
|
"fast path" API to call JIT matching directly instead of calling
|
||
|
|
<b>pcre2_match()</b> (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully
|
||
|
|
processed by <b>pcre2_jit_compile()</b>).
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
The fast path function is called <b>pcre2_jit_match()</b>, and it takes exactly
|
||
|
|
the same arguments as <b>pcre2_match()</b>. However, the subject string must be
|
||
|
|
specified with a length; PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED is not supported. Unsupported
|
||
|
|
option bits (for example, PCRE2_ANCHORED, PCRE2_ENDANCHORED and
|
||
|
|
PCRE2_COPY_MATCHED_SUBJECT) are ignored, as is the PCRE2_NO_JIT option. The
|
||
|
|
return values are also the same as for <b>pcre2_match()</b>, plus
|
||
|
|
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION if a matching mode (partial or complete) is requested
|
||
|
|
that was not compiled.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
When you call <b>pcre2_match()</b>, as well as testing for invalid options, a
|
||
|
|
number of other sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if
|
||
|
|
the subject pointer is NULL, an immediate error is given. Also, unless
|
||
|
|
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, a UTF subject string is tested for validity. In the
|
||
|
|
interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT fast path, and if
|
||
|
|
invalid data is passed, the result is undefined.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
Bypassing the sanity checks and the <b>pcre2_match()</b> wrapping can give
|
||
|
|
speedups of more than 10%.
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC12" href="#TOC1">SEE ALSO</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
<b>pcre2api</b>(3)
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC13" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
University Computing Service
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
Cambridge, England.
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
</P>
|
||
|
|
<br><a name="SEC14" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a><br>
|
||
|
|
<P>
|
||
|
|
Last updated: 23 May 2019
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
Copyright © 1997-2019 University of Cambridge.
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|