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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
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<!DOCTYPE supplementalData SYSTEM "../../common/dtd/ldmlSupplemental.dtd">
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<!-- Copyright © 1991-2015 Unicode, Inc.
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CLDR data files are interpreted according to the LDML specification (http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/)
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For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html -->
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<supplementalData>
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<version number="$Revision$" />
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<transforms>
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<transform source="am" target="am_FONIPA" direction="both" alias="am-fonipa-t-am" backwardAlias="am-t-am-fonipa">
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<tRule>
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# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
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#
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# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
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# In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
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# and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
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# they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
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# school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
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# Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
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# in a post-processing step.
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#
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# Labialization:
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# Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
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# labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
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# Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
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# transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
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# set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
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# such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/.
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#
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# References:
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# [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
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# for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
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# retrieved on November 4, 2014.
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# http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
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# Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
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# with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
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# writes as */y/.
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$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
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$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}];
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# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
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# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
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# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
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# not written in Amharic.
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$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}{d͡ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];
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← [ ʼ ͡ ͜ ̯];
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::(null);
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
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# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
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# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ሀ → ha;
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ሀ ← hə;
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ሁ ↔ hu;
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ሂ ↔ hi;
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ሃ ↔ ha;
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ሄ ↔ he;
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ህ ↔ hɨ;
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ሆ ↔ ho;
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ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ህ ← h;
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ለ ↔ lə;
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ሉ ↔ lu;
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ሊ ↔ li;
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ላ ↔ la;
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ሌ ↔ le;
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ል ↔ lɨ;
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ሎ ↔ lo;
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ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሏ ↔ lwa;
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ል ← l;
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
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# /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
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# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
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# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according
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# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
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# gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ሐ → ha;
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ሑ → hu;
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ሒ → hi;
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ሓ → ha;
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ሔ → he;
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ሕ → hɨ;
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ሖ → ho;
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ሗ → hwa;
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መ ↔ mə;
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ሙ ↔ mu;
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ሚ ↔ mi;
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ማ ↔ ma;
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ሜ ↔ me;
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ም ↔ mɨ;
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ሞ ↔ mo;
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ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ሟ ↔ mwa;
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ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
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ም ← m;
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ሠ → sə;
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ሡ → su;
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ሢ → si;
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ሣ → sa;
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ሤ → se;
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ሥ → sɨ;
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ሦ → so;
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ሧ → swa;
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ረ ↔ rə;
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ሩ ↔ ru;
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ሪ ↔ ri;
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ራ ↔ ra;
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ሬ ↔ re;
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ር ↔ rɨ;
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ሮ ↔ ro;
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ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሯ ↔ rwa;
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ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
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ር ← r;
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# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
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ⶠ → ʃə;
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ⶡ → ʃu;
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ⶢ → ʃi;
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ⶣ → ʃa;
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ⶤ → ʃe;
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ⶥ → ʃɨ;
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ⶦ → ʃo;
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ሸ ↔ ʃə;
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ሹ ↔ ʃu;
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ሺ ↔ ʃi;
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ሻ ↔ ʃa;
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ሼ ↔ ʃe;
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ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
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ሾ ↔ ʃo;
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ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
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ሽ ← ʃ;
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ቀ ↔ kʼə;
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ቁ ↔ kʼu;
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ቂ ↔ kʼi;
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ቃ ↔ kʼa;
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ቄ ↔ kʼe;
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ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
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ቆ ↔ kʼo;
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ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
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ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
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ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
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ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
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ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
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ቅ ← kʼ;
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# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
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# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
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# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
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# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
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ቐ → kʼə;
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ቑ → kʼu;
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ቒ → kʼi;
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ቓ → kʼa;
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ቔ → kʼe;
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ቕ → kʼɨ;
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ቖ → kʼo;
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ቘ → kʼwə;
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ቝ → kʼwu;
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ቚ → kʼwi;
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ቛ → kʼwa;
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ቜ → kʼwe;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
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# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
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ⷀ → kʼjə;
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ⷁ → kʼju;
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ⷂ → kʼji;
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ⷃ → kʼja;
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ⷄ → kʼje;
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ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
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ⷆ → kʼjo;
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በ ↔ bə;
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ቡ ↔ bu;
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ቢ ↔ bi;
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ባ ↔ ba;
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ቤ ↔ be;
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ብ ↔ bɨ;
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ቦ ↔ bo;
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ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
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ብ ← b;
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ቨ ↔ və;
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ቩ ↔ vu;
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ቪ ↔ vi;
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ቫ ↔ va;
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ቬ ↔ ve;
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ቭ ↔ vɨ;
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ቮ ↔ vo;
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ቯ ↔ vwa;
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ቭ ← v;
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# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
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# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ.
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# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
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ⶨ → t͡ʃə;
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ⶩ → t͡ʃu;
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ⶪ → t͡ʃi;
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ⶫ → t͡ʃa;
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ⶬ → t͡ʃe;
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ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ;
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ⶮ → t͡ʃo;
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# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
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# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
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# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
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# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
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# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.
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ኀ → ha;
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ኁ → hu;
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ኂ → hi;
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ኃ → ha;
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ኄ → he;
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ኅ → hɨ;
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ኆ → ho;
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ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኈ → hwə;
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ኍ → hwu;
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ኊ → hwi;
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ኋ → hwa;
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ኌ → hwe;
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ነ ↔ nə;
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ኑ ↔ nu;
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ኒ ↔ ni;
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ና ↔ na;
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ኔ ↔ ne;
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ን ↔ nɨ;
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ኖ ↔ no;
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ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኗ ↔ nwa;
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ን ← n;
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ኘ ↔ ɲə;
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ኙ ↔ ɲu;
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ኚ ↔ ɲi;
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ኛ ↔ ɲa;
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ኜ ↔ ɲe;
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ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
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ኞ ↔ ɲo;
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ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
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ኝ ← ɲ;
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# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
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# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
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# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
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ዀ → hwə;
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ዂ → hwi;
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ዃ → hwa;
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ዄ → hwe;
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ዅ → hwɨ;
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ኸ → hə;
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ኹ → hu;
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ኺ → hi;
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ኻ → ha;
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ኼ → he;
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ኽ → hɨ;
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ኾ → ho;
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ዀ ← xwə;
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ዂ ← xwi;
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ዃ ← xwa;
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ዄ ← xwe;
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ዅ ← xwɨ;
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ዅ ← xw;
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ኸ ← xə;
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ኹ ← xu;
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ኺ ← xi;
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ኻ ← xa;
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ኼ ← xe;
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ኽ ← xɨ;
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ኾ ← xo;
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ኽ ← x;
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አ ↔ ʔə;
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ኡ ↔ ʔu;
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ኢ ↔ ʔi;
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ኣ ↔ ʔa;
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ኤ ↔ ʔe;
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እ ↔ ʔɨ;
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ኦ ↔ ʔo;
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ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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እ ← ʔ;
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ከ ↔ kə;
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ኩ ↔ ku;
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ኪ ↔ ki;
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ካ ↔ ka;
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ኬ ↔ ke;
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ክ ↔ kɨ;
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ኮ ↔ ko;
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ኰ ↔ kwə;
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ኵ ↔ kwu;
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ኲ ↔ kwi;
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ኳ ↔ kwa;
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ኴ ↔ kwe;
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ክ ← k;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
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# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
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ⷈ → kə;
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ⷉ → ku;
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ⷊ → ki;
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ⷋ → ka;
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ⷌ → ke;
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ⷍ → kɨ;
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ⷎ → ko;
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# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
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# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
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# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
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ⷐ → kə;
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ⷑ → ku;
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ⷒ → ki;
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ⷓ → ka;
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ⷔ → ke;
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ⷕ → kɨ;
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ⷖ → ko;
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ወ ↔ wə;
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ዉ ↔ wu;
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ዊ ↔ wi;
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ዋ ↔ wa;
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ዌ ↔ we;
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ው ↔ wɨ;
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ዎ ↔ wo;
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ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
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ው ← w;
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ዐ ↔ ʕə;
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ዑ ↔ ʕu;
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ዒ ↔ ʕi;
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ዓ ↔ ʕa;
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ዔ ↔ ʕe;
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ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
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ዖ ↔ ʕo;
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ዒ ← ʕ;
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ዘ ↔ zə;
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ዙ ↔ zu;
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ዚ ↔ zi;
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ዛ ↔ za;
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ዜ ↔ ze;
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ዝ ↔ zɨ;
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ዞ ↔ zo;
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ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ዟ ↔ zwa;
|
|
|
ዝ ← z;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ዠ ↔ ʒə;
|
|
|
ዡ ↔ ʒu;
|
|
|
ዢ ↔ ʒi;
|
|
|
ዣ ↔ ʒa;
|
|
|
ዤ ↔ ʒe;
|
|
|
ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
|
|
|
ዦ ↔ ʒo;
|
|
|
ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
|
|
|
ዢ ← ʒ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
|
|
|
# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
|
|
|
# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
|
|
|
ⶰ → ʒə;
|
|
|
ⶱ → ʒu;
|
|
|
ⶲ → ʒi;
|
|
|
ⶳ → ʒa;
|
|
|
ⶴ → ʒe;
|
|
|
ⶵ → ʒɨ;
|
|
|
ⶶ → ʒo;
|
|
|
|
|
|
የ ↔ jə;
|
|
|
ዩ ↔ ju;
|
|
|
ዪ ↔ ji;
|
|
|
ያ ↔ ja;
|
|
|
ዬ ↔ je;
|
|
|
ይ ↔ jɨ;
|
|
|
ዮ ↔ jo;
|
|
|
ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ይ ← j;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ጀ ↔ d͡ʒə;
|
|
|
ጁ ↔ d͡ʒu;
|
|
|
ጂ ↔ d͡ʒi;
|
|
|
ጃ ↔ d͡ʒa;
|
|
|
ጄ ↔ d͡ʒe;
|
|
|
ጅ ↔ d͡ʒɨ;
|
|
|
ጆ ↔ d͡ʒo;
|
|
|
ጇ ↔ d͡ʒwa;
|
|
|
ጅ ← d͡ʒ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ደ ↔ də;
|
|
|
ዱ ↔ du;
|
|
|
ዲ ↔ di;
|
|
|
ዳ ↔ da;
|
|
|
ዴ ↔ de;
|
|
|
ድ ↔ dɨ;
|
|
|
ዶ ↔ do;
|
|
|
ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ዷ ↔ dwa;
|
|
|
ድ ← d;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ገ ↔ ɡə;
|
|
|
ጉ ↔ ɡu;
|
|
|
ጊ ↔ ɡi;
|
|
|
ጋ ↔ ɡa;
|
|
|
ጌ ↔ ɡe;
|
|
|
ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
|
|
|
ጎ ↔ ɡo;
|
|
|
ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
|
|
|
ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
|
|
|
ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
|
|
|
ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
|
|
|
ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
|
|
|
ግ ← ɡ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
|
|
|
# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
|
|
|
# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
|
|
|
# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
|
|
|
# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
|
|
|
ጘ → ŋə;
|
|
|
ጙ → ŋu;
|
|
|
ጚ → ŋi;
|
|
|
ጛ → ŋa;
|
|
|
ጜ → ŋe;
|
|
|
ጝ → ŋɨ;
|
|
|
ጞ → ŋo;
|
|
|
ⶓ → ŋwə;
|
|
|
ⶖ → ŋwu;
|
|
|
ⶔ → ŋwi;
|
|
|
ጟ → ŋwa;
|
|
|
ⶕ → ŋwe;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
|
|
|
ጘ ← ɴə;
|
|
|
ጙ ← ɴu;
|
|
|
ጚ ← ɴi;
|
|
|
ጛ ← ɴa;
|
|
|
ጜ ← ɴe;
|
|
|
ጝ ← ɴɨ;
|
|
|
ጞ ← ɴo;
|
|
|
ጝ ← ɴ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
|
|
|
# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
|
|
|
ⷘ → ɡə;
|
|
|
ⷙ → ɡu;
|
|
|
ⷚ → ɡi;
|
|
|
ⷛ → ɡa;
|
|
|
ⷜ → ɡe;
|
|
|
ⷝ → ɡɨ;
|
|
|
ⷞ → ɡo;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ጠ ↔ tʼə;
|
|
|
ጡ ↔ tʼu;
|
|
|
ጢ ↔ tʼi;
|
|
|
ጣ ↔ tʼa;
|
|
|
ጤ ↔ tʼe;
|
|
|
ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
|
|
|
ጦ ↔ tʼo;
|
|
|
ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
|
|
|
ጢ ← tʼ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ጨ ↔ t͡ʃʼə;
|
|
|
ጩ ↔ t͡ʃʼu;
|
|
|
ጪ ↔ t͡ʃʼi;
|
|
|
ጫ ↔ t͡ʃʼa;
|
|
|
ጬ ↔ t͡ʃʼe;
|
|
|
ጭ ↔ t͡ʃʼɨ;
|
|
|
ጮ ↔ t͡ʃʼo;
|
|
|
ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ጯ ↔ t͡ʃʼwa;
|
|
|
ጪ ← t͡ʃʼ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
|
|
|
# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex
|
|
|
# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
|
|
|
# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/.
|
|
|
ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə;
|
|
|
ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu;
|
|
|
ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi;
|
|
|
ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa;
|
|
|
ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe;
|
|
|
ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ;
|
|
|
ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ቸ ↔ t͡ʃə;
|
|
|
ቹ ↔ t͡ʃu;
|
|
|
ቺ ↔ t͡ʃi;
|
|
|
ቻ ↔ t͡ʃa;
|
|
|
ቼ ↔ t͡ʃe;
|
|
|
ች ↔ t͡ʃɨ;
|
|
|
ቾ ↔ t͡ʃo;
|
|
|
ቿ ↔ t͡ʃwa;
|
|
|
ች ← t͡ʃ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ተ ↔ tə;
|
|
|
ቱ ↔ tu;
|
|
|
ቲ ↔ ti;
|
|
|
ታ ↔ ta;
|
|
|
ቴ ↔ te;
|
|
|
ት ↔ tɨ;
|
|
|
ቶ ↔ to;
|
|
|
ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ቷ ↔ twa;
|
|
|
ት ← t;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ጰ ↔ pʼə;
|
|
|
ጱ ↔ pʼu;
|
|
|
ጲ ↔ pʼi;
|
|
|
ጳ ↔ pʼa;
|
|
|
ጴ ↔ pʼe;
|
|
|
ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
|
|
|
ጶ ↔ pʼo;
|
|
|
ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
|
|
|
ጵ ← pʼ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ጸ ↔ sʼə;
|
|
|
ጹ ↔ sʼu;
|
|
|
ጺ ↔ sʼi;
|
|
|
ጻ ↔ sʼa;
|
|
|
ጼ ↔ sʼe;
|
|
|
ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
|
|
|
ጾ ↔ sʼo;
|
|
|
ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
|
|
|
ጽ ← sʼ;
|
|
|
|
|
|
# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
|
|
|
# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
|
|
|
ፀ → sʼə;
|
|
|
ፁ → sʼu;
|
|
|
ፂ → sʼi;
|
|
|
ፃ → sʼa;
|
|
|
ፄ → sʼe;
|
|
|
ፅ → sʼɨ;
|
|
|
ፆ → sʼo;
|
|
|
ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
|
|
|
ሰ ↔ sə;
|
|
|
ሱ ↔ su;
|
|
|
ሲ ↔ si;
|
|
|
ሳ ↔ sa;
|
|
|
ሴ ↔ se;
|
|
|
ስ ↔ sɨ;
|
|
|
ሶ ↔ so;
|
|
|
ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ሷ ↔ swa;
|
|
|
ስ ← s;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ፈ ↔ fə;
|
|
|
ፉ ↔ fu;
|
|
|
ፊ ↔ fi;
|
|
|
ፋ ↔ fa;
|
|
|
ፌ ↔ fe;
|
|
|
ፍ ↔ fɨ;
|
|
|
ፎ ↔ fo;
|
|
|
ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ፏ ↔ fwa;
|
|
|
ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
|
|
|
ፍ ← f;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ፐ ↔ pə;
|
|
|
ፑ ↔ pu;
|
|
|
ፒ ↔ pi;
|
|
|
ፓ ↔ pa;
|
|
|
ፔ ↔ pe;
|
|
|
ፕ ↔ pɨ;
|
|
|
ፖ ↔ po;
|
|
|
ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ፗ ↔ pwa;
|
|
|
ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
|
|
|
ፕ ← p;
|
|
|
|
|
|
ኧ ↔ ə;
|
|
|
ኡ ← u; # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
|
|
|
አ ← a; # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
|
|
|
ኤ ← e;
|
|
|
እ ← ɨ;
|
|
|
ኦ ← o; # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
|
|
|
ኢ ← i; # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
|
|
|
# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
|
|
|
፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
|
|
|
፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
|
|
|
። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
|
|
|
፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
|
|
|
፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
|
|
|
፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
|
|
|
፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
|
|
|
፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
|
|
|
፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
|
|
|
# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
|
|
|
# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
|
|
|
# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
|
|
|
፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
|
|
|
፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
|
|
|
፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
|
|
|
፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
|
|
|
፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
|
|
|
፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
|
|
|
፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
|
|
|
፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
|
|
|
፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
|
|
|
፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
|
|
|
፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
|
|
|
፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
|
|
|
፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
|
|
|
፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
|
|
|
፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
|
|
|
፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
|
|
|
፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
|
|
|
፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
|
|
|
፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
|
|
|
፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
|
|
|
# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
|
|
|
# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
|
|
|
# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
|
|
|
::null();
|
|
|
← ː ; # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
|
|
|
::(null);
|
|
|
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
|
|
|
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
|
|
|
($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
|
|
|
[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ; # Strip off any remaining length markers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː; # ቷ፝ ← [tːʷaː]
|
|
|
$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) waː; # ቷ፞ ← [tʷaː]
|
|
|
$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa; # አቷ፟ ← [tːʷa]
|
|
|
|
|
|
$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
|
|
|
$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};
|
|
|
|
|
|
$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
|
|
$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
|
|
$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
|
|
$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
|
|
|
$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
|
|
$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
|
|
|
$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
|
|
|
::null;
|
|
|
{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;
|
|
|
|
|
|
::(null);
|
|
|
← [ˈˌ\. ̯̃];
|
|
|
|
|
|
aj ← ai; # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
|
|
|
aw ← au; # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
|
|
|
eji ← ei; # Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
|
|
|
ewo ← eo; # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
|
|
|
ija ← ia; # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
|
|
|
ijə ← iə; # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
|
|
|
iw ← iu; # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
|
|
|
jo ← io; # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
|
|
|
nɡ ← ŋɡ; # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
|
|
|
nɡ ← ŋ; # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
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uwa ← ua; # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
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bwe ← bue; # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
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sʼ ← t͡s; # Podgorica /podɡorit͡sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut͡s/ ፋዱጽ
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uwi ← ui; # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
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uwe ← ue; # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ
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::(null);
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ʔə ← \. ə;
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ʔu ← \. u;
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ʔi ← \. i;
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ʔa ← \. a;
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ʔe ← \. e;
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ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
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ʔo ← \. o;
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$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) ̯} $IPA_VOWEL; # /ewowa/ ← /e̯o̯a/
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::(null);
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n ← [n {n̼} {n̼̊} {m̺} {n̊} {n̥} ⁿ ᵑ];
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m ← [ɱ {m̥} {m̪} ᵐ];
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ɲ ← [{ɳ̊} {ɳ̥} ɳ {ɲ̊} {ɲ̥} ɲ];
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ŋ ← [{ŋ̊} {ŋ̥} ŋ];
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ɴ ← [{ɴ̊} {ɴ̥} ɴ];
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p ← [{t̼} {p̺}];
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pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
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b ← [{d̼} {b̺} {ɾ̼} ɓ];
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t ← [{t̪} ʈ];
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tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
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d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
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k ← q;
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kʼ ← [ǃ ʗ];
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ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
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nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
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ʔ ← ʡ;
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s ← [θ {θ̱} {θ̞} {θ̼} {ɸ̺}];
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z ← [ð {ð̠} {ð̼} {β̺}];
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sʼ ← [{t͡s} {t͜s} ʦ];
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t͡ʃ ← [{t͜ʃ} ʧ {t͡ɕ} {t͜ɕ} ʨ {ʈ͡ʂ} c];
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t͡ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
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d͡ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d͡z} {d͜z} {d͡ɕ} ʥ {d͡ʑ} {d͜ʑ} {ɖ͡ʐ} {d͡ʐ} ɟ];
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pf ← [{p̪} {p͆} ȹ {p͡f} {p̪f} {p̪͜f}];
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bv ← [{b̪} {b͆} ȸ {b͡v} {b̪͡v}];
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ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
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ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
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r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
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rːʒ ← r̝ː;
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rʒ ← r̝;
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v ← β;
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x ← [ç x χ];
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ʕ ← ʕ̝;
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h ← ɦ;
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j ← [ʝ ʲ];
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lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
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t͡ʃl ← [{t͡ɬ} {tɬ}];
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ʃl ← ɬ;
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w ← {u̯} $IPA_VOWEL;
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w ← ʷ;
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ʼː ← ːʼ; # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.
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::(null);
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i ← y;
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ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
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u ← [ʊ ɯ];
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ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
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o ← [ɔ ø];
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a ← ɑ;
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ʼ ← ʰ;
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← [ʱ];
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$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː; # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
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$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː; # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]
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::(NFC);
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← [ ̃ ̰ ̋ ́ ̄ ̀ ̏ ̌ ̂ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
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::(NFD);
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</tRule>
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</transform>
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</transforms>
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</supplementalData>
|
