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93 lines
3.9 KiB
93 lines
3.9 KiB
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.. _mac-scripting:
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*********************
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MacPython OSA Modules
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*********************
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This chapter describes the current implementation of the Open Scripting
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Architecture (OSA, also commonly referred to as AppleScript) for Python,
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allowing you to control scriptable applications from your Python program,
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and with a fairly pythonic interface. Development on this set of modules has
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stopped.
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For a description of the various components of AppleScript and OSA, and to get
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an understanding of the architecture and terminology, you should read Apple's
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documentation. The "Applescript Language Guide" explains the conceptual model
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and the terminology, and documents the standard suite. The "Open Scripting
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Architecture" document explains how to use OSA from an application programmers
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point of view. In the Apple Help Viewer these books are located in the Developer
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Documentation, Core Technologies section.
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As an example of scripting an application, the following piece of AppleScript
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will get the name of the frontmost :program:`Finder` window and print it::
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tell application "Finder"
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get name of window 1
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end tell
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In Python, the following code fragment will do the same::
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import Finder
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f = Finder.Finder()
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print f.get(f.window(1).name)
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As distributed the Python library includes packages that implement the standard
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suites, plus packages that interface to a small number of common applications.
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To send AppleEvents to an application you must first create the Python package
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interfacing to the terminology of the application (what :program:`Script Editor`
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calls the "Dictionary"). This can be done from within the :program:`PythonIDE`
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or by running the :file:`gensuitemodule.py` module as a standalone program from
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the command line.
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The generated output is a package with a number of modules, one for every suite
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used in the program plus an :mod:`__init__` module to glue it all together. The
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Python inheritance graph follows the AppleScript inheritance graph, so if a
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program's dictionary specifies that it includes support for the Standard Suite,
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but extends one or two verbs with extra arguments then the output suite will
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contain a module :mod:`Standard_Suite` that imports and re-exports everything
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from :mod:`StdSuites.Standard_Suite` but overrides the methods that have extra
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functionality. The output of :mod:`gensuitemodule` is pretty readable, and
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contains the documentation that was in the original AppleScript dictionary in
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Python docstrings, so reading it is a good source of documentation.
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The output package implements a main class with the same name as the package
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which contains all the AppleScript verbs as methods, with the direct object as
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the first argument and all optional parameters as keyword arguments. AppleScript
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classes are also implemented as Python classes, as are comparisons and all the
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other thingies.
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The main Python class implementing the verbs also allows access to the
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properties and elements declared in the AppleScript class "application". In the
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current release that is as far as the object orientation goes, so in the example
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above we need to use ``f.get(f.window(1).name)`` instead of the more Pythonic
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``f.window(1).name.get()``.
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If an AppleScript identifier is not a Python identifier the name is mangled
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according to a small number of rules:
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* spaces are replaced with underscores
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* other non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with ``_xx_`` where ``xx`` is
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the hexadecimal character value
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* any Python reserved word gets an underscore appended
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Python also has support for creating scriptable applications in Python, but The
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following modules are relevant to MacPython AppleScript support:
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.. toctree::
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gensuitemodule.rst
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aetools.rst
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aepack.rst
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aetypes.rst
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miniaeframe.rst
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In addition, support modules have been pre-generated for :mod:`Finder`,
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:mod:`Terminal`, :mod:`Explorer`, :mod:`Netscape`, :mod:`CodeWarrior`,
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:mod:`SystemEvents` and :mod:`StdSuites`.
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