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349 lines
15 KiB
349 lines
15 KiB
:mod:`urlparse` --- Parse URLs into components
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==============================================
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.. module:: urlparse
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:synopsis: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
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.. index::
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single: WWW
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single: World Wide Web
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single: URL
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pair: URL; parsing
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pair: relative; URL
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.. note::
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The :mod:`urlparse` module is renamed to :mod:`urllib.parse` in Python 3.
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The :term:`2to3` tool will automatically adapt imports when converting
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your sources to Python 3.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/urlparse.py`
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--------------
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This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
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combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL"
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to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
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The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform
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Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: ``file``, ``ftp``,
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``gopher``, ``hdl``, ``http``, ``https``, ``imap``, ``mailto``, ``mms``,
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``news``, ``nntp``, ``prospero``, ``rsync``, ``rtsp``, ``rtspu``, ``sftp``,
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``shttp``, ``sip``, ``sips``, ``snews``, ``svn``, ``svn+ssh``, ``telnet``,
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``wais``.
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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Support for the ``sftp`` and ``sips`` schemes.
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The :mod:`urlparse` module defines the following functions:
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.. function:: urlparse(urlstring[, scheme[, allow_fragments]])
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Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the
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general structure of a URL: ``scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment``.
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Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in
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smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
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escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
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result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if
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present. For example:
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>>> from urlparse import urlparse
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>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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>>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
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ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> o.scheme
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'http'
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>>> o.port
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80
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>>> o.geturl()
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'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
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Following the syntax specifications in :rfc:`1808`, urlparse recognizes
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a netloc only if it is properly introduced by '//'. Otherwise the
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input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with
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a path component.
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>>> from urlparse import urlparse
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>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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params='', query='', fragment='')
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>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
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ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
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query='', fragment='')
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If the *scheme* argument is specified, it gives the default addressing
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scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. The default value for
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this argument is the empty string.
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If the *allow_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
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recognized and parsed as part of the preceding component, even if the URL's
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addressing scheme normally does support them. The default value for this
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argument is :const:`True`.
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
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class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
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+==================+=======+==========================+======================+
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| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | *scheme* parameter |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`params` | 3 | Parameters for last path | empty string |
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| | | element | |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`query` | 4 | Query component | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`fragment` | 5 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
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| | | if present | |
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+------------------+-------+--------------------------+----------------------+
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See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
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object.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.5
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Added attributes to return value.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.7
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Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
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.. function:: parse_qs(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing]])
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Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
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:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a
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dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the
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values are lists of values for each name.
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The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
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values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
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indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
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value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
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not included.
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The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
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parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
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errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
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Use the :func:`urllib.urlencode` function to convert such dictionaries into
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query strings.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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Copied from the :mod:`cgi` module.
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.. function:: parse_qsl(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing]])
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Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
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:mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). Data are returned as a list of
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name, value pairs.
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The optional argument *keep_blank_values* is a flag indicating whether blank
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values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
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indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
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value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
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not included.
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The optional argument *strict_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with
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parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
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errors raise a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
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Use the :func:`urllib.urlencode` function to convert such lists of pairs into
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query strings.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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Copied from the :mod:`cgi` module.
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.. function:: urlunparse(parts)
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Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by ``urlparse()``. The *parts* argument
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can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but
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equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters
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(for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are
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equivalent).
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.. function:: urlsplit(urlstring[, scheme[, allow_fragments]])
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This is similar to :func:`urlparse`, but does not split the params from the URL.
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This should generally be used instead of :func:`urlparse` if the more recent URL
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syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion
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of the URL (see :rfc:`2396`) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
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separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple:
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(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
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The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of :class:`tuple`. This
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class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| Attribute | Index | Value | Value if not present |
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+==================+=======+=========================+======================+
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| :attr:`scheme` | 0 | URL scheme specifier | *scheme* parameter |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`netloc` | 1 | Network location part | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`path` | 2 | Hierarchical path | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`query` | 3 | Query component | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`fragment` | 4 | Fragment identifier | empty string |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`username` | | User name | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`password` | | Password | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`hostname` | | Host name (lower case) | :const:`None` |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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| :attr:`port` | | Port number as integer, | :const:`None` |
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| | | if present | |
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+------------------+-------+-------------------------+----------------------+
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See section :ref:`urlparse-result-object` for more information on the result
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object.
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.. versionadded:: 2.2
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.. versionchanged:: 2.5
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Added attributes to return value.
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.. function:: urlunsplit(parts)
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Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by :func:`urlsplit` into a complete
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URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item iterable. This may
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result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed
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originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the
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RFC states that these are equivalent).
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.. versionadded:: 2.2
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.. function:: urljoin(base, url[, allow_fragments])
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Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with
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another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
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particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the path,
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to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
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>>> from urlparse import urljoin
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
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'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
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The *allow_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for
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:func:`urlparse`.
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.. note::
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If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with ``//`` or ``scheme://``),
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the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
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.. doctest::
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>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
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... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
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'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
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If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with :func:`urlsplit` and
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:func:`urlunsplit`, removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
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.. function:: urldefrag(url)
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If *url* contains a fragment identifier, returns a modified version of *url*
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with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate string.
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If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, returns *url* unmodified and an
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empty string.
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.. seealso::
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:rfc:`3986` - Uniform Resource Identifiers
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This is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urlparse module
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should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are
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mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto
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parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
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:rfc:`2732` - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's.
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This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
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:rfc:`2396` - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
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Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
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Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
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:rfc:`2368` - The mailto URL scheme.
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Parsing requirements for mailto URL schemes.
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:rfc:`1808` - Relative Uniform Resource Locators
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This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
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relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the
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treatment of border cases.
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:rfc:`1738` - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
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This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
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.. _urlparse-result-object:
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Results of :func:`urlparse` and :func:`urlsplit`
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------------------------------------------------
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The result objects from the :func:`urlparse` and :func:`urlsplit` functions are
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subclasses of the :class:`tuple` type. These subclasses add the attributes
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described in those functions, as well as provide an additional method:
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.. method:: ParseResult.geturl()
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Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may differ
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from the original URL in that the scheme will always be normalized to lower case
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and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters, queries,
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and fragment identifiers will be removed.
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The result of this method is a fixpoint if passed back through the original
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parsing function:
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>>> import urlparse
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>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
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>>> r1 = urlparse.urlsplit(url)
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>>> r1.geturl()
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'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
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>>> r2 = urlparse.urlsplit(r1.geturl())
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>>> r2.geturl()
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'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
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.. versionadded:: 2.5
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The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results:
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.. class:: ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlparse` results.
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.. class:: SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)
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Concrete class for :func:`urlsplit` results.
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