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174 lines
6.2 KiB
174 lines
6.2 KiB
Smart pointers
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##############
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std::unique_ptr
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===============
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Given a class ``Example`` with Python bindings, it's possible to return
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instances wrapped in C++11 unique pointers, like so
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.. code-block:: cpp
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std::unique_ptr<Example> create_example() { return std::unique_ptr<Example>(new Example()); }
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.. code-block:: cpp
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m.def("create_example", &create_example);
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In other words, there is nothing special that needs to be done. While returning
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unique pointers in this way is allowed, it is *illegal* to use them as function
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arguments. For instance, the following function signature cannot be processed
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by pybind11.
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.. code-block:: cpp
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void do_something_with_example(std::unique_ptr<Example> ex) { ... }
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The above signature would imply that Python needs to give up ownership of an
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object that is passed to this function, which is generally not possible (for
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instance, the object might be referenced elsewhere).
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std::shared_ptr
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===============
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The binding generator for classes, :class:`class_`, can be passed a template
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type that denotes a special *holder* type that is used to manage references to
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the object. If no such holder type template argument is given, the default for
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a type named ``Type`` is ``std::unique_ptr<Type>``, which means that the object
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is deallocated when Python's reference count goes to zero.
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It is possible to switch to other types of reference counting wrappers or smart
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pointers, which is useful in codebases that rely on them. For instance, the
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following snippet causes ``std::shared_ptr`` to be used instead.
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.. code-block:: cpp
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py::class_<Example, std::shared_ptr<Example> /* <- holder type */> obj(m, "Example");
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Note that any particular class can only be associated with a single holder type.
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One potential stumbling block when using holder types is that they need to be
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applied consistently. Can you guess what's broken about the following binding
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code?
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.. code-block:: cpp
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class Child { };
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class Parent {
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public:
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Parent() : child(std::make_shared<Child>()) { }
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Child *get_child() { return child.get(); } /* Hint: ** DON'T DO THIS ** */
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private:
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std::shared_ptr<Child> child;
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};
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PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
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py::class_<Child, std::shared_ptr<Child>>(m, "Child");
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py::class_<Parent, std::shared_ptr<Parent>>(m, "Parent")
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.def(py::init<>())
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.def("get_child", &Parent::get_child);
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}
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The following Python code will cause undefined behavior (and likely a
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segmentation fault).
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.. code-block:: python
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from example import Parent
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print(Parent().get_child())
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The problem is that ``Parent::get_child()`` returns a pointer to an instance of
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``Child``, but the fact that this instance is already managed by
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``std::shared_ptr<...>`` is lost when passing raw pointers. In this case,
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pybind11 will create a second independent ``std::shared_ptr<...>`` that also
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claims ownership of the pointer. In the end, the object will be freed **twice**
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since these shared pointers have no way of knowing about each other.
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There are two ways to resolve this issue:
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1. For types that are managed by a smart pointer class, never use raw pointers
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in function arguments or return values. In other words: always consistently
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wrap pointers into their designated holder types (such as
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``std::shared_ptr<...>``). In this case, the signature of ``get_child()``
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should be modified as follows:
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.. code-block:: cpp
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std::shared_ptr<Child> get_child() { return child; }
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2. Adjust the definition of ``Child`` by specifying
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``std::enable_shared_from_this<T>`` (see cppreference_ for details) as a
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base class. This adds a small bit of information to ``Child`` that allows
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pybind11 to realize that there is already an existing
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``std::shared_ptr<...>`` and communicate with it. In this case, the
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declaration of ``Child`` should look as follows:
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.. _cppreference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this
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.. code-block:: cpp
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class Child : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Child> { };
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.. _smart_pointers:
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Custom smart pointers
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=====================
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pybind11 supports ``std::unique_ptr`` and ``std::shared_ptr`` right out of the
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box. For any other custom smart pointer, transparent conversions can be enabled
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using a macro invocation similar to the following. It must be declared at the
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top namespace level before any binding code:
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.. code-block:: cpp
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PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>);
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The first argument of :func:`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE` should be a
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placeholder name that is used as a template parameter of the second argument.
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Thus, feel free to use any identifier, but use it consistently on both sides;
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also, don't use the name of a type that already exists in your codebase.
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The macro also accepts a third optional boolean parameter that is set to false
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by default. Specify
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.. code-block:: cpp
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PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>, true);
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if ``SmartPtr<T>`` can always be initialized from a ``T*`` pointer without the
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risk of inconsistencies (such as multiple independent ``SmartPtr`` instances
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believing that they are the sole owner of the ``T*`` pointer). A common
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situation where ``true`` should be passed is when the ``T`` instances use
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*intrusive* reference counting.
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Please take a look at the :ref:`macro_notes` before using this feature.
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By default, pybind11 assumes that your custom smart pointer has a standard
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interface, i.e. provides a ``.get()`` member function to access the underlying
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raw pointer. If this is not the case, pybind11's ``holder_helper`` must be
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specialized:
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.. code-block:: cpp
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// Always needed for custom holder types
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PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>);
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// Only needed if the type's `.get()` goes by another name
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namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
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template <typename T>
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struct holder_helper<SmartPtr<T>> { // <-- specialization
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static const T *get(const SmartPtr<T> &p) { return p.getPointer(); }
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};
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}}
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The above specialization informs pybind11 that the custom ``SmartPtr`` class
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provides ``.get()`` functionality via ``.getPointer()``.
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.. seealso::
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The file :file:`tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp` contains a complete example
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that demonstrates how to work with custom reference-counting holder types
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in more detail.
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