You can not select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
851 lines
37 KiB
851 lines
37 KiB
Six: Python 2 and 3 Compatibility Library
|
|
=========================================
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six
|
|
:synopsis: Python 2 and 3 compatibility
|
|
|
|
.. moduleauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>
|
|
.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six provides simple utilities for wrapping over differences between Python 2 and
|
|
Python 3. It is intended to support codebases that work on both Python 2 and 3
|
|
without modification. six consists of only one Python file, so it is painless
|
|
to copy into a project.
|
|
|
|
Six can be downloaded on `PyPi <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/>`_. Its bug
|
|
tracker and code hosting is on `GitHub <https://github.com/benjaminp/six>`_.
|
|
|
|
The name, "six", comes from the fact that 2*3 equals 6. Why not addition?
|
|
Multiplication is more powerful, and, anyway, "five" has already been snatched
|
|
away by the (admittedly now moribund) Zope Five project.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indices and tables
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
* :ref:`genindex`
|
|
* :ref:`search`
|
|
|
|
|
|
Package contents
|
|
----------------
|
|
|
|
.. data:: PY2
|
|
|
|
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 2.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: PY3
|
|
|
|
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constants
|
|
>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
Six provides constants that may differ between Python versions. Ones ending
|
|
``_types`` are mostly useful as the second argument to ``isinstance`` or
|
|
``issubclass``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: class_types
|
|
|
|
Possible class types. In Python 2, this encompasses old-style and new-style
|
|
classes. In Python 3, this is just new-styles.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: integer_types
|
|
|
|
Possible integer types. In Python 2, this is :func:`py2:long` and
|
|
:func:`py2:int`, and in Python 3, just :func:`py3:int`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: string_types
|
|
|
|
Possible types for text data. This is :func:`py2:basestring` in Python 2 and
|
|
:func:`py3:str` in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: text_type
|
|
|
|
Type for representing (Unicode) textual data. This is :func:`py2:unicode` in
|
|
Python 2 and :func:`py3:str` in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: binary_type
|
|
|
|
Type for representing binary data. This is :func:`py2:str` in Python 2 and
|
|
:func:`py3:bytes` in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: MAXSIZE
|
|
|
|
The maximum size of a container like :func:`py3:list` or :func:`py3:dict`.
|
|
This is equivalent to :data:`py3:sys.maxsize` in Python 2.6 and later
|
|
(including 3.x). Note, this is temptingly similar to, but not the same as
|
|
:data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 2. There is no direct equivalent to
|
|
:data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 3 because its integer type has no limits
|
|
aside from memory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's example usage of the module::
|
|
|
|
import six
|
|
|
|
def dispatch_types(value):
|
|
if isinstance(value, six.integer_types):
|
|
handle_integer(value)
|
|
elif isinstance(value, six.class_types):
|
|
handle_class(value)
|
|
elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
|
|
handle_string(value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Object model compatibility
|
|
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
Python 3 renamed the attributes of several interpreter data structures. The
|
|
following accessors are available. Note that the recommended way to inspect
|
|
functions and methods is the stdlib :mod:`py3:inspect` module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_unbound_function(meth)
|
|
|
|
Get the function out of unbound method *meth*. In Python 3, unbound methods
|
|
don't exist, so this function just returns *meth* unchanged. Example
|
|
usage::
|
|
|
|
from six import get_unbound_function
|
|
|
|
class X(object):
|
|
def method(self):
|
|
pass
|
|
method_function = get_unbound_function(X.method)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_method_function(meth)
|
|
|
|
Get the function out of method object *meth*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_method_self(meth)
|
|
|
|
Get the ``self`` of bound method *meth*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_function_closure(func)
|
|
|
|
Get the closure (list of cells) associated with *func*. This is equivalent
|
|
to ``func.__closure__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_closure`` on Python
|
|
2.5.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_function_code(func)
|
|
|
|
Get the code object associated with *func*. This is equivalent to
|
|
``func.__code__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_code`` on Python 2.5.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_function_defaults(func)
|
|
|
|
Get the defaults tuple associated with *func*. This is equivalent to
|
|
``func.__defaults__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_defaults`` on Python
|
|
2.5.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: get_function_globals(func)
|
|
|
|
Get the globals of *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__globals__`` on
|
|
Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_globals`` on Python 2.5.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: next(it)
|
|
advance_iterator(it)
|
|
|
|
Get the next item of iterator *it*. :exc:`py3:StopIteration` is raised if
|
|
the iterator is exhausted. This is a replacement for calling ``it.next()``
|
|
in Python 2 and ``next(it)`` in Python 3. Python 2.6 and above have a
|
|
builtin ``next`` function, so six's version is only necessary for Python 2.5
|
|
compatibility.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: callable(obj)
|
|
|
|
Check if *obj* can be called. Note ``callable`` has returned in Python 3.2,
|
|
so using six's version is only necessary when supporting Python 3.0 or 3.1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: iterkeys(dictionary, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces
|
|
``dictionary.iterkeys()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.keys()`` on
|
|
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: itervalues(dictionary, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces
|
|
``dictionary.itervalues()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.values()`` on
|
|
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: iteritems(dictionary, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces
|
|
``dictionary.iteritems()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.items()`` on
|
|
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: iterlists(dictionary, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
Calls ``dictionary.iterlists()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.lists()`` on
|
|
Python 3. No builtin Python mapping type has such a method; this method is
|
|
intended for use with multi-valued dictionaries like `Werkzeug's
|
|
<http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/datastructures/#werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict>`_.
|
|
*kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: viewkeys(dictionary)
|
|
|
|
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces
|
|
:meth:`py2:dict.viewkeys` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.keys` on
|
|
Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: viewvalues(dictionary)
|
|
|
|
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces
|
|
:meth:`py2:dict.viewvalues` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.values` on
|
|
Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: viewitems(dictionary)
|
|
|
|
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces
|
|
:meth:`py2:dict.viewitems` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.items` on
|
|
Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: create_bound_method(func, obj)
|
|
|
|
Return a method object wrapping *func* and bound to *obj*. On both Python 2
|
|
and 3, this will return a :func:`py3:types.MethodType` object. The reason
|
|
this wrapper exists is that on Python 2, the ``MethodType`` constructor
|
|
requires the *obj*'s class to be passed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: create_unbound_method(func, cls)
|
|
|
|
Return an unbound method object wrapping *func*. In Python 2, this will
|
|
return a :func:`py2:types.MethodType` object. In Python 3, unbound methods
|
|
do not exist and this wrapper will simply return *func*.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: Iterator
|
|
|
|
A class for making portable iterators. The intention is that it be subclassed
|
|
and subclasses provide a ``__next__`` method. In Python 2, :class:`Iterator`
|
|
has one method: ``next``. It simply delegates to ``__next__``. An alternate
|
|
way to do this would be to simply alias ``next`` to ``__next__``. However,
|
|
this interacts badly with subclasses that override
|
|
``__next__``. :class:`Iterator` is empty on Python 3. (In fact, it is just
|
|
aliased to :class:`py3:object`.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. decorator:: wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES)
|
|
|
|
This is exactly the :func:`py3:functools.wraps` decorator, but it sets the
|
|
``__wrapped__`` attribute on what it decorates as :func:`py3:functools.wraps`
|
|
does on Python versions after 3.2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Syntax compatibility
|
|
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
These functions smooth over operations which have different syntaxes between
|
|
Python 2 and 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: exec_(code, globals=None, locals=None)
|
|
|
|
Execute *code* in the scope of *globals* and *locals*. *code* can be a
|
|
string or a code object. If *globals* or *locals* are not given, they will
|
|
default to the scope of the caller. If just *globals* is given, it will also
|
|
be used as *locals*.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Python 3's :func:`py3:exec` doesn't take keyword arguments, so calling
|
|
:func:`exec` with them should be avoided.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: print_(*args, *, file=sys.stdout, end="\\n", sep=" ", flush=False)
|
|
|
|
Print *args* into *file*. Each argument will be separated with *sep* and
|
|
*end* will be written to the file after the last argument is printed. If
|
|
*flush* is true, ``file.flush()`` will be called after all data is written.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
In Python 2, this function imitates Python 3's :func:`py3:print` by not
|
|
having softspace support. If you don't know what that is, you're probably
|
|
ok. :)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: raise_from(exc_value, exc_value_from)
|
|
|
|
Raise an exception from a context. On Python 3, this is equivalent to
|
|
``raise exc_value from exc_value_from``. On Python 2, which does not support
|
|
exception chaining, it is equivalent to ``raise exc_value``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback=None)
|
|
|
|
Reraise an exception, possibly with a different traceback. In the simple
|
|
case, ``reraise(*sys.exc_info())`` with an active exception (in an except
|
|
block) reraises the current exception with the last traceback. A different
|
|
traceback can be specified with the *exc_traceback* parameter. Note that
|
|
since the exception reraising is done within the :func:`reraise` function,
|
|
Python will attach the call frame of :func:`reraise` to whatever traceback is
|
|
raised.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: with_metaclass(metaclass, *bases)
|
|
|
|
Create a new class with base classes *bases* and metaclass *metaclass*. This
|
|
is designed to be used in class declarations like this: ::
|
|
|
|
from six import with_metaclass
|
|
|
|
class Meta(type):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
class Base(object):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(with_metaclass(Meta, Base)):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
Another way to set a metaclass on a class is with the :func:`add_metaclass`
|
|
decorator.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. decorator:: add_metaclass(metaclass)
|
|
|
|
Class decorator that replaces a normally-constructed class with a
|
|
metaclass-constructed one. Example usage: ::
|
|
|
|
@add_metaclass(Meta)
|
|
class MyClass(object):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
That code produces a class equivalent to ::
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(object, metaclass=Meta):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
on Python 3 or ::
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(object):
|
|
__metaclass__ = Meta
|
|
|
|
on Python 2.
|
|
|
|
Note that class decorators require Python 2.6. However, the effect of the
|
|
decorator can be emulated on Python 2.5 like so::
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(object):
|
|
pass
|
|
MyClass = add_metaclass(Meta)(MyClass)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Binary and text data
|
|
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
Python 3 enforces the distinction between byte strings and text strings far more
|
|
rigorously than Python 2 does; binary data cannot be automatically coerced to
|
|
or from text data. six provides several functions to assist in classifying
|
|
string data in all Python versions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: b(data)
|
|
|
|
A "fake" bytes literal. *data* should always be a normal string literal. In
|
|
Python 2, :func:`b` returns a 8-bit string. In Python 3, *data* is encoded
|
|
with the latin-1 encoding to bytes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Since all Python versions 2.6 and after support the ``b`` prefix,
|
|
code without 2.5 support doesn't need :func:`b`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: u(text)
|
|
|
|
A "fake" unicode literal. *text* should always be a normal string literal.
|
|
In Python 2, :func:`u` returns unicode, and in Python 3, a string. Also, in
|
|
Python 2, the string is decoded with the ``unicode-escape`` codec, which
|
|
allows unicode escapes to be used in it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
In Python 3.3, the ``u`` prefix has been reintroduced. Code that only
|
|
supports Python 3 versions of 3.3 and higher thus does not need
|
|
:func:`u`.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
On Python 2, :func:`u` doesn't know what the encoding of the literal
|
|
is. Each byte is converted directly to the unicode codepoint of the same
|
|
value. Because of this, it's only safe to use :func:`u` with strings of
|
|
ASCII data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: unichr(c)
|
|
|
|
Return the (Unicode) string representing the codepoint *c*. This is
|
|
equivalent to :func:`py2:unichr` on Python 2 and :func:`py3:chr` on Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: int2byte(i)
|
|
|
|
Converts *i* to a byte. *i* must be in ``range(0, 256)``. This is
|
|
equivalent to :func:`py2:chr` in Python 2 and ``bytes((i,))`` in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: byte2int(bs)
|
|
|
|
Converts the first byte of *bs* to an integer. This is equivalent to
|
|
``ord(bs[0])`` on Python 2 and ``bs[0]`` on Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: indexbytes(buf, i)
|
|
|
|
Return the byte at index *i* of *buf* as an integer. This is equivalent to
|
|
indexing a bytes object in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: iterbytes(buf)
|
|
|
|
Return an iterator over bytes in *buf* as integers. This is equivalent to
|
|
a bytes object iterator in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: StringIO
|
|
|
|
This is a fake file object for textual data. It's an alias for
|
|
:class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO` in Python 2 and :class:`py3:io.StringIO` in
|
|
Python 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: BytesIO
|
|
|
|
This is a fake file object for binary data. In Python 2, it's an alias for
|
|
:class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO`, but in Python 3, it's an alias for
|
|
:class:`py3:io.BytesIO`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. decorator:: python_2_unicode_compatible
|
|
|
|
A class decorator that takes a class defining a ``__str__`` method. On
|
|
Python 3, the decorator does nothing. On Python 2, it aliases the
|
|
``__str__`` method to ``__unicode__`` and creates a new ``__str__`` method
|
|
that returns the result of ``__unicode__()`` encoded with UTF-8.
|
|
|
|
|
|
unittest assertions
|
|
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
Six contains compatibility shims for unittest assertions that have been renamed.
|
|
The parameters are the same as their aliases, but you must pass the test method
|
|
as the first argument. For example::
|
|
|
|
import six
|
|
import unittest
|
|
|
|
class TestAssertCountEqual(unittest.TestCase):
|
|
def test(self):
|
|
six.assertCountEqual(self, (1, 2), [2, 1])
|
|
|
|
Note these functions are only available on Python 2.7 or later.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: assertCountEqual()
|
|
|
|
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual` on Python 3 and
|
|
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual` on Python 2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: assertRaisesRegex()
|
|
|
|
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex` on Python 3 and
|
|
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp` on Python 2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: assertRegex()
|
|
|
|
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRegex` on Python 3 and
|
|
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` on Python 2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Renamed modules and attributes compatibility
|
|
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six.moves
|
|
:synopsis: Renamed modules and attributes compatibility
|
|
|
|
Python 3 reorganized the standard library and moved several functions to
|
|
different modules. Six provides a consistent interface to them through the fake
|
|
:mod:`six.moves` module. For example, to load the module for parsing HTML on
|
|
Python 2 or 3, write::
|
|
|
|
from six.moves import html_parser
|
|
|
|
Similarly, to get the function to reload modules, which was moved from the
|
|
builtin module to the ``imp`` module, use::
|
|
|
|
from six.moves import reload_module
|
|
|
|
For the most part, :mod:`six.moves` aliases are the names of the modules in
|
|
Python 3. When the new Python 3 name is a package, the components of the name
|
|
are separated by underscores. For example, ``html.parser`` becomes
|
|
``html_parser``. In some cases where several modules have been combined, the
|
|
Python 2 name is retained. This is so the appropriate modules can be found when
|
|
running on Python 2. For example, ``BaseHTTPServer`` which is in
|
|
``http.server`` in Python 3 is aliased as ``BaseHTTPServer``.
|
|
|
|
Some modules which had two implementations have been merged in Python 3. For
|
|
example, ``cPickle`` no longer exists in Python 3; it was merged with
|
|
``pickle``. In these cases, fetching the fast version will load the fast one on
|
|
Python 2 and the merged module in Python 3.
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`py2:urllib`, :mod:`py2:urllib2`, and :mod:`py2:urlparse` modules have
|
|
been combined in the :mod:`py3:urllib` package in Python 3. The
|
|
:mod:`six.moves.urllib` package is a version-independent location for this
|
|
functionality; its structure mimics the structure of the Python 3
|
|
:mod:`py3:urllib` package.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
In order to make imports of the form::
|
|
|
|
from six.moves.cPickle import loads
|
|
|
|
work, six places special proxy objects in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. These
|
|
proxies lazily load the underlying module when an attribute is fetched. This
|
|
will fail if the underlying module is not available in the Python
|
|
interpreter. For example, ``sys.modules["six.moves.winreg"].LoadKey`` would
|
|
fail on any non-Windows platform. Unfortunately, some applications try to
|
|
load attributes on every module in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. six mitigates
|
|
this problem for some applications by pretending attributes on unimportable
|
|
modules do not exist. This hack does not work in every case, though. If you are
|
|
encountering problems with the lazy modules and don't use any from imports
|
|
directly from ``six.moves`` modules, you can workaround the issue by removing
|
|
the six proxy modules::
|
|
|
|
d = [name for name in sys.modules if name.startswith("six.moves.")]
|
|
for name in d:
|
|
del sys.modules[name]
|
|
|
|
Supported renames:
|
|
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| Name | Python 2 name | Python 3 name |
|
|
+==============================+=====================================+=======================================+
|
|
| ``builtins`` | :mod:`py2:__builtin__` | :mod:`py3:builtins` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``configparser`` | :mod:`py2:ConfigParser` | :mod:`py3:configparser` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``copyreg`` | :mod:`py2:copy_reg` | :mod:`py3:copyreg` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``cPickle`` | :mod:`py2:cPickle` | :mod:`py3:pickle` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``cStringIO`` | :func:`py2:cStringIO.StringIO` | :class:`py3:io.StringIO` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``dbm_gnu`` | :func:`py2:gdbm` | :class:`py3:dbm.gnu` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``_dummy_thread`` | :mod:`py2:dummy_thread` | :mod:`py3:_dummy_thread` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``email_mime_base`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEBase` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.base` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``email_mime_image`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEImage` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.image` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``email_mime_multipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.multipart` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``email_mime_nonmultipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMENonMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.nonmultipart` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``email_mime_text`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEText` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.text` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``filter`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilter` | :func:`py3:filter` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``filterfalse`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilterfalse` | :func:`py3:itertools.filterfalse` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``getcwd`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwdu` | :func:`py3:os.getcwd` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``getcwdb`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwd` | :func:`py3:os.getcwdb` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``getoutput`` | :func:`py2:commands.getoutput` | :func:`py3:subprocess.getoutput` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``http_cookiejar`` | :mod:`py2:cookielib` | :mod:`py3:http.cookiejar` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``http_cookies`` | :mod:`py2:Cookie` | :mod:`py3:http.cookies` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``html_entities`` | :mod:`py2:htmlentitydefs` | :mod:`py3:html.entities` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``html_parser`` | :mod:`py2:HTMLParser` | :mod:`py3:html.parser` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``http_client`` | :mod:`py2:httplib` | :mod:`py3:http.client` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``BaseHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:BaseHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``CGIHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:CGIHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``SimpleHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``input`` | :func:`py2:raw_input` | :func:`py3:input` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``intern`` | :func:`py2:intern` | :func:`py3:sys.intern` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``map`` | :func:`py2:itertools.imap` | :func:`py3:map` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``queue`` | :mod:`py2:Queue` | :mod:`py3:queue` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``range`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``reduce`` | :func:`py2:reduce` | :func:`py3:functools.reduce` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``reload_module`` | :func:`py2:reload` | :func:`py3:imp.reload`, |
|
|
| | | :func:`py3:importlib.reload` |
|
|
| | | on Python 3.4+ |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``reprlib`` | :mod:`py2:repr` | :mod:`py3:reprlib` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``shlex_quote`` | :mod:`py2:pipes.quote` | :mod:`py3:shlex.quote` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``socketserver`` | :mod:`py2:SocketServer` | :mod:`py3:socketserver` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``_thread`` | :mod:`py2:thread` | :mod:`py3:_thread` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter`` | :mod:`py2:Tkinter` | :mod:`py3:tkinter` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_dialog`` | :mod:`py2:Dialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_filedialog`` | :mod:`py2:FileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.FileDialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_scrolledtext`` | :mod:`py2:ScrolledText` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.scrolledtext` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_simpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_ttk`` | :mod:`py2:ttk` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.ttk` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_tix`` | :mod:`py2:Tix` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.tix` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_constants`` | :mod:`py2:Tkconstants` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.constants` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_dnd`` | :mod:`py2:Tkdnd` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dnd` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_colorchooser`` | :mod:`py2:tkColorChooser` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.colorchooser` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_commondialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkCommonDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.commondialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_tkfiledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkFileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.filedialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_font`` | :mod:`py2:tkFont` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.font` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_messagebox`` | :mod:`py2:tkMessageBox` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.messagebox` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``tkinter_tksimpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkSimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib.parse`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.parse` | :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib.error`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.error` | :mod:`py3:urllib.error` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib.request`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.request` | :mod:`py3:urllib.request` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib.response`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.response`| :mod:`py3:urllib.response` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib.robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``urllib_robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``UserDict`` | :class:`py2:UserDict.UserDict` | :class:`py3:collections.UserDict` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``UserList`` | :class:`py2:UserList.UserList` | :class:`py3:collections.UserList` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``UserString`` | :class:`py2:UserString.UserString` | :class:`py3:collections.UserString` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``winreg`` | :mod:`py2:_winreg` | :mod:`py3:winreg` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``xmlrpc_client`` | :mod:`py2:xmlrpclib` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.client` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``xmlrpc_server`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleXMLRPCServer` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.server` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``xrange`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``zip`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip` | :func:`py3:zip` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
| ``zip_longest`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip_longest` | :func:`py3:itertools.zip_longest` |
|
|
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
urllib parse
|
|
<<<<<<<<<<<<
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.parse
|
|
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urlparse` and :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` in Python 3
|
|
|
|
Contains functions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` and Python 2's:
|
|
|
|
:mod:`py2:urlparse`:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.ParseResult`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.SplitResult`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlparse`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunparse`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qs`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qsl`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urljoin`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urldefrag`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlsplit`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunsplit`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.splitquery`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_fragment`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_netloc`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_params`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_query`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_relative`
|
|
|
|
and :mod:`py2:urllib`:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.quote`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.quote_plus`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.splittag`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.splituser`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.splitvalue`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.unquote` (also exposed as :func:`py3:urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes`)
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.unquote_plus`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlencode`
|
|
|
|
|
|
urllib error
|
|
<<<<<<<<<<<<
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.error
|
|
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.error` in Python 3
|
|
|
|
Contains exceptions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.error` and Python 2's:
|
|
|
|
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
|
|
|
|
* :exc:`py2:urllib.ContentTooShortError`
|
|
|
|
and :mod:`py2:urllib2`:
|
|
|
|
* :exc:`py2:urllib2.URLError`
|
|
* :exc:`py2:urllib2.HTTPError`
|
|
|
|
|
|
urllib request
|
|
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.request
|
|
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.request` in Python 3
|
|
|
|
Contains items from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.request` and Python 2's:
|
|
|
|
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.pathname2url`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.url2pathname`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.getproxies`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlretrieve`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlcleanup`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.URLopener`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.FancyURLopener`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib.proxy_bypass`
|
|
|
|
and :mod:`py2:urllib2`:
|
|
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib2.urlopen`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib2.install_opener`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib2.build_opener`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib2.parse_http_list`
|
|
* :func:`py2:urllib2.parse_keqv_list`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.Request`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.OpenerDirector`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.BaseHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgr`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractBasicAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractDigestAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDigestAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyDigestAuthHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPSHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.FileHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.FTPHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.CacheFTPHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.UnknownHandler`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPErrorProcessor`
|
|
|
|
|
|
urllib response
|
|
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
|
|
|
|
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.response
|
|
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.response` in Python 3
|
|
|
|
Contains classes from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.response` and Python 2's:
|
|
|
|
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
|
|
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.addbase`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.addclosehook`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.addinfo`
|
|
* :class:`py2:urllib.addinfourl`
|
|
|
|
|
|
Advanced - Customizing renames
|
|
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
|
|
|
|
.. currentmodule:: six
|
|
|
|
It is possible to add additional names to the :mod:`six.moves` namespace.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: add_move(item)
|
|
|
|
Add *item* to the :mod:`six.moves` mapping. *item* should be a
|
|
:class:`MovedAttribute` or :class:`MovedModule` instance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: remove_move(name)
|
|
|
|
Remove the :mod:`six.moves` mapping called *name*. *name* should be a
|
|
string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Instances of the following classes can be passed to :func:`add_move`. Neither
|
|
have any public members.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MovedModule(name, old_mod, new_mod)
|
|
|
|
Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different
|
|
modules in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module.
|
|
*new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: MovedAttribute(name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None)
|
|
|
|
Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different
|
|
attributes in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module.
|
|
*new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module. If *new_attr* is not given, it
|
|
defaults to *old_attr*. If neither is given, they both default to *name*.
|