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1307 lines
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1307 lines
60 KiB
<html><head><title>toybox roadmap</title>
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<!--#include file="header.html" -->
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<title>Toybox Roadmap</title>
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<h2>Goals and use cases</h2>
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<p>We have several potential use cases for a new set of command line
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utilities, and are using those to determine which commands to implement
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for Toybox's 1.0 release. (Most of these have their own section in the
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<a href=status.html>status page</a>.)</p>
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<p>The most interesting publicly available standards are POSIX-2008
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(also known as the Single
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Unix Specification version 4) and the Linux Standard Base (version 4.1).
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The main test harness is including toybox in <a href=https://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html>Aboriginal Linux</a> and if that can
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build itself using the result to <a href=https://github.com/landley/control-images>build Linux From Scratch</a> (version 6.8).
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We also aim to replace Android's Toolbox.</p>
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<p>At a secondary level we'd like to meet other use cases. We've analyzed
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the commands provided by similar projects (klibc, sash, sbase, embutils,
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nash, and beastiebox), along with various vendor configurations of busybox,
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and some end user requests.</p>
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<p>Finally, we'd like to provide a good replacement for the Bash shell,
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which was the first program Linux ever ran and remains the standard shell
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of Linux no matter what Ubuntu says. This doesn't mean including the full
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set of Bash 4.x functionality, but does involve {various,features} <(beyond)
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posix.</p>
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<p>See the <a href=status.html>status page</a> for the categorized command list
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and progress towards implementing it. There's also a
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<a href=todo.html>historical todo list</a> from the project's 2011 relaunch.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href=#susv4>POSIX-2008/SUSv4</a></li>
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<li><a href=#sigh>Linux "Standard" Base</a></li>
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<li><a href=#dev_env>Development Environment</a></li>
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<li><a href=#android>Android Toolbox</a></li>
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<li><a href=#aosp>Building AOSP</a></li>
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<li><a href=#tizen>Tizen Core</a></li>
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<li><a href=#buildroot>buildroot</a></li>
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<li>Miscelaneous: <a href=#klibc>klibc</a>, <a href=#glibc>glibc</a>,
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<a href=#sash>sash</a>, <a href=#sbase>sbase</a>,
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<a href=#uclinux>uclinux</a>...</li>
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<li><a href=#packages>Other Packages</a></li>
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</ul>
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<hr />
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<a name="standards">
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<h2>Use case: standards compliance.</h2>
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<h3><a name=susv4 /><a href="#susv4">POSIX-2008/SUSv4</a></h3>
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<p>The best standards describe reality rather than attempting to impose a
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new one. A good standard should document, not legislate.
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Standards which document existing reality tend to be approved by
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more than one standards body, such ANSI and ISO both approving <a href=https://landley.net/c99-draft.html>C99</a>. That's why
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the IEEE POSIX committee's 2008 standard, the Single Unix Specification version
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4, and the Open Group Base Specification edition 7 are all the same standard
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from three sources, but most people just call it "posix" (portable operating
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system derived from unix). It's available <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>online in full</a>, and may be downloaded as a tarball...
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with a caveat.</p>
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<p>Although previous versions of Posix have their own
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stable URLs (where you can still find
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<a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/>SUSv3</a> and
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<a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/>SUSv2</a>),
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the 2008 release of SUSv4 was replaced by a 2013 release also claiming
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to be SUSv4, then again by a 2018 release still at the same URL. Similarly,
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the other version numbers claim not to have changed, but instead adopted some
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sort of "Windows 95" naming scheme ("The Open Group Base Specifications Issue
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7, 2018 edition"). Since a moving target isn't a standard, we've stuck
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with the 2008 version and ignored whatever changes they make
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until they stop this forced-upgrade-behind-your back nonsense.
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Luckily you can still find the original content
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<a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2008edition/>here</a>.
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(We haven't changed the URLs in each command to the longer version yet,
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but can if conflicts arise.)</p>
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<h3>Why not just use posix for everything?</h3>
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<p>Unfortunately posix describes an incomplete subset of reality,
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lacking any mention of commands such as init or mount required to
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actually boot a system. It describes logname but not login. It provides ipcrm
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and ipcs, but not ipcmk, so you can use System V IPC resources but not create
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them. And widely used real-world commands such as tar and cpio (the basis
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of initramfs and RPM) which were present in earlier
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versions of the standard have been removed, while obsolete commands like
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cksum, compress, sccs and uucp remain with no mention of modern counterparts
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like crc32/sha1sum, gzip/xz, svn/git or scp/rsync. Meanwhile the commands
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themselves are missing dozens of features and specify silly things like ebcdic
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support in dd or that wc should use %d (not %lld) for byte counts. So
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we have to extensively filter posix to get a useful set of recommendations.</p>
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<p>Starting with the
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<a href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2008edition/idx/utilities.html">full "utilities" list</a>,
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we first remove generally obsolete
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commands (compress ed ex pr uncompress uccp uustat uux), commands for the
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pre-CVS "SCCS" source control system (admin delta get prs rmdel sact sccs unget
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val what), fortran support (asa fort77), and batch processing support (batch
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qalter qdel qhold qmove qmsg qrerun qrls qselect qsig qstat qsub).</p>
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<p>Some commands are for a compiler toolchain (ar c99 cflow ctags cxref gencat
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iconv lex m4 make nm strings strip tsort yacc), which is outside of toybox's
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mandate and should be supplied externally. (Again, some of these may be
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revisited later, but not for toybox 1.0.)</p>
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<p>Some commands are part of a command shell, and can't be implemented as
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separate executables (alias bg cd command fc fg getopts hash jobs kill read
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type ulimit umask unalias wait). These may be revisited as part of a built-in
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toybox shell, but are not exported into $PATH via symlinks. (If you fork a
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child process and have it "cd" then exit, you've accomplished nothing.)
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Again, what posix provides is incomplete: a shell also needs exit, if, while,
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for, case, export, set, unset, trap, exec... (And for bash compatibility
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function, source...)</p>
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<p>A few other commands are judgement calls, providing command-line
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internationalization support (iconv locale localedef), System V inter-process
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communication (ipcrm ipcs), and cross-tty communication from the minicomputer
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days (talk mesg write). The "pax" utility <a href=https://slashdot.org/story/06/09/04/1335226/debian-kicks-jrg-schilling>failed</a> to replace tar,
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"mailx" is
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a command line email client, and "lp" submits files for printing to... what
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exactly? (cups?) The standard defines crontab but not crond. What is
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pathchk supposed to be portable _to_? (Linux accepts 255 byte path components
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with any char except NUL or / and no max length on the total path, and
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EXPLICITLY doesn't care if it's an invalid utf8 sequence.)</p>
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<p>Removing all of that leaves the following commands, which toybox should
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implement:</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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<span id=posix>
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at awk basename bc cal cat chgrp chmod chown cksum cmp comm cp
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csplit cut date dd df diff dirname du echo env expand expr false file find
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fold fuser getconf grep head id join kill link ln logger logname ls man
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mkdir mkfifo more mv newgrp nice nl nohup od paste patch printf ps
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pwd renice rm rmdir sed sh sleep sort split stty tabs tail tee test time
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touch tput tr true tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uudecode uuencode vi wc
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who xargs zcat
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</span>
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</b></blockquote>
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<h3><a name=sigh /><a href="#sigh">Linux Standard Base</a></h3>
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<p>One attempt to supplement POSIX towards an actual usable system was the
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Linux Standard Base. Unfortunately, the quality of this "standard" is
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fairly low.</p>
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<p>POSIX allowed its standards process to be compromised
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by leaving things out, thus allowing IBM mainframes and Windows NT to drive
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a truck through the holes and declare themselves compilant. But it means what
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they DID standardize tends to be respected (if sometimes obsolete).</p>
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<p>The Linux Standard Base's failure mode is different, they respond to
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pressure by including anything their members pay them enough to promote,
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such as allowing Red Hat to push
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RPM into the standard even though all sorts of distros (Debian, Slackware, Arch,
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Gentoo) don't use it and never will. This means anything in the LSB is
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at best a suggestion: arbitrary portions of this standard are widely
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ignored.</p>
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<p>The community perception seems to be that the Linux Standard Base is
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the best standard money can buy, I.E. the Linux Foundation is supported by
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financial donations from large companies and the LSB
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<a href=https://www.softwarefreedom.org/blog/2016/apr/11/lf/>represents the interests
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of those donors</a> more than technical merit. (The Linux Foundation, which
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maintains the LSB, isn't a 501c3. It's a 501c6, the
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same kind of legal entity as the Tobacco Institute and Microsoft's old
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"Don't Copy That Floppy" program.) Debian officially
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<a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/658809>washed its hands of LSB</a> when 5.0
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came out in 2015, and no longer even pretends to support it (which may affect
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Debian derivatives like Ubuntu and Knoppix). Toybox hasn't moved to 5.0 for
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similar reasons.</p>
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<p>That said, Posix by itself isn't enough, and this is the next most
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comprehensive standards effort for Linux so far, so we salvage what we can.</p>
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<p>The LSB specifies a <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/cmdbehav.html>list of command line
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utilities</a>:</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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ar at awk batch bc chfn chsh col cpio crontab df dmesg du echo egrep
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fgrep file fuser gettext grep groupadd groupdel groupmod groups
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gunzip gzip hostname install install_initd ipcrm ipcs killall lpr ls
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lsb_release m4 md5sum mknod mktemp more mount msgfmt newgrp od passwd
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patch pidof remove_initd renice sed sendmail seq sh shutdown su sync
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tar umount useradd userdel usermod xargs zcat
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</b></blockquote>
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<p>Where posix specifies one of those commands, LSB's deltas tend to be
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accomodations for broken tool versions which aren't up to date with the
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standard yet. (See <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/more.html>more</a> and <a href=http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/xargs.html>xargs</a>
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for examples.)</p>
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<p>Since we've already committed to using our own judgement to skip bits of
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POSIX, and LSB's "judgement" in this regard is purely bug workarounds to declare
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various legacy tool implementations "compliant", this means we're mostly
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interested in the set of LSB tools that aren't mentioned in posix.</p>
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<p>Of these, gettext and msgfmt are internationalization, install_initd and
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remove_initd weren't present in Ubuntu 10.04, lpr is out of scope,
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lsb_release just reports information in /etc/os-release, and sendmail's
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turned into a pile of cryptographic verification and DNS shenanigans due
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to spammers.</p>
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<p>This leaves:</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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<span id=lsb>
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chfn chsh dmesg egrep fgrep groupadd groupdel groupmod groups
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gunzip gzip hostname install killall md5sum
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mknod mktemp mount passwd pidof seq shutdown
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su sync tar umount useradd userdel usermod zcat
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</span>
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</b></blockquote>
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<h3><a name=rfc /><a href="#rfc">IETF RFCs</a></h3>
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<p>Discussion of standards wouldn't be complete without the Internet
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Engineering Task Force's "<a href=https://www.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc-index.txt>Request For Comments</a>" collection.</p>
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<p>These are more about protocols than commands. The noise level is
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extremely high: there's thousands of RFCs, many describing a proposed idea
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that never took off, and less than 1% of the resulting documents are
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currently relevant to toybox. And the documents are numbered based on the
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order they were received, with no real attempt at coherently indexing
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the result. As with man pages they can be <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0610.txt>long and complicated</a> or
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<a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>terse and impenetrable</a>,
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have developed a certain amount of <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc8179.txt>bureaucracy</a> over the years, and often the easiest way to understand what
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they <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4330.txt>document</a> is to find an <a href=https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1769.txt>earlier version</a> to read first.</p>
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<p>That said, RFC documents can be useful (especially for networking protocols)
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and the three URL templates the recommended starting files
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for new commands (toys/example/skeleton.c or toys/example/hello.c depending on how much
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plumbing you want to start with) provide point to are posix, lsb, and
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rfc pages.</p>
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<hr />
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<a name="dev_env">
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<h2><a href="#dev_env">Use case: provide a self-hosting development environment</a></h2>
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<p>The following commands were enough to build the <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html>Aboriginal Linux</a> development
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environment, boot it to a shell prompt, and build <a href=http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/6.8/>Linux From Scratch 6.8</a> under it.</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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<span id=development>
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bzcat cat cp dirname echo env patch rmdir sha1sum sleep sort sync
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true uname wc which yes zcat
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awk basename chmod chown cmp cut date dd diff
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egrep expr fdisk find grep gzip head hostname id install ln ls
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mkdir mktemp mv od readlink rm sed sh tail tar touch tr uniq
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wget whoami xargs chgrp comm gunzip less logname split
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tee test time bunzip2 chgrp chroot comm cpio dmesg
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dnsdomainname ftpd ftpget ftpput gunzip ifconfig init less
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logname losetup mdev mount mountpoint nc pgrep pkill
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pwd route split stat switch_root tac umount vi
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resize2fs tune2fs fsck.ext2 genext2fs mke2fs xzcat
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</span>
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</b></blockquote>
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<p>This use case includes running init scripts and other shell scripts, running
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configure, make, and install in each package, and providing basic command line
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facilities such as a text editor. (It does not include a compiler toolchain or
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C library, those are outside the scope of the toybox project, although mkroot
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has a <a href=https://landley.net/code/qcc>potentialy follow-up project</a>.
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For now we use distro toolchains,
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<a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>musl-cross-make</a>,
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and the Android NDK for build testing.)
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That build system also instaled bash 2.05b as #!/bin/sh and its scripts
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required bash extensions not present in shells such as busybox ash.
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To replace that toysh needs to supply several bash extensions _and_ work
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when called under the name "bash".</p>
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<p>The development methodology used a <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/FAQ.html#debug_logging>command logging wrapper</a>
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that intercepted each command called out of the $PATH and append the
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command line to a log file, then <a href=https://github.com/landley/aboriginal/blob/master/more/report-recorded-commands.sh>analyze</a> the result to create a
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<a href=https://landley.net/notes-2008.html#23-01-2008>list of commands</a>,
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then <a href=https://github.com/landley/aboriginal/blob/master/host-tools.sh>create a directory of symlinks</a> pointing to those commands out of the
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host $PATH. Then the new implementation can replace these commands one
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at a time, checking the results and the log output to spot any behavior
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changes.</p>
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<h3>Stages and moving targets</h3>
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<p>This use case has two stages: 1) building a bootable system that can
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rebuild itself from source, and 2) a build environment capable
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of bootstrapping up to arbitrary complexity (as exemplified by building
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Linux From Scratch and Beyond Linux From Scratch under the resulting
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system). To accomplish just the first goal, the old build
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still needs the following busybox commands for which toybox does not yet
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supply adequate replacements:</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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awk dd diff expr fdisk ftpd gzip less route sh sha512sum tr unxz vi wget xzcat
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</b></blockquote>
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<p>All of those except awk, ftpd, and less have partial implementations
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in "pending".</p>
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<p>In 2017 Aboriginal Linux development ended, replaced by the
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<a href=https://github.com/landley/mkroot>mkroot</a> project
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designed to use an existing cross+native toolchain (such as
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<a href=https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make>musl-cross-make</a>
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or the Android NDK) instead of building its own. In 2019 the still-incomplete
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mkroot was merged into toybox as the "make root" target. This is intended
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as a simpler way of providing essentially the same build environment, and doesn't
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significantly affect the rest of this analysis (although the "rebuild itself
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from source" test now includes building musl-cross-make under either mkroot
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or toybox's "make airlock" host environment).</p>
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<p>Building Linux From Scratch is not the same as building the
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<a href=https://source.android.com>Android Open Source Project</a>,
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but after toybox 1.0 we plan to try
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<a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/about.html#hairball>modifying the AOSP build</a>
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to reduce dependencies. (It's fairly likely we'll have to add at least
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a read-only git utility so repo can download the build's source code,
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but that's actually <a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7n6G2IL6eo>not
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that hard</a>. We'll probably also need our own "make" at some point after
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1.0, which is its own moving target thanks to cmake and ninja and so on.)
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The ongoing Android <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2018-January/009330.html>hermetic build</a> work is already advancing
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this goal.</p>
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<hr />
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<h2><a name=android /><a href="#android">Use case: Replacing Android Toolbox</a></h2>
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<p>Android has a policy against GPL in userspace, so even though BusyBox
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predates Android by many years, they couldn't use it. Instead they grabbed
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an old version of ash (later replaced by
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<a href="https://www.mirbsd.org/mksh.htm">mksh</a>)
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and implemented their own command line utility set
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called "toolbox" (which toybox has already mostly replaced).</p>
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<p>Toolbox doesn't have its own repository, instead it's part of Android's
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<a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core>system/core
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git repository</a>. Android's Native Development Kit (their standalone
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downloadable toolchain) has its own
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<a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/Roadmap.md>roadmap</a>, and each version has
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<a href=https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads/revision_history>release
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notes</a>.</p>
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<h3>Toolbox commands:</h3>
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<p>According to <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/Android.bp>
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system/core/toolbox/Android.bp</a> the toolbox directory builds the
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following commands:</p>
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<blockquote><b>
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getevent getprop modprobe setprop start
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</b></blockquote>
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<p>getprop/setprop/start were in toybox and moved back because they're so
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tied to non-public system interfaces. modprobe shares the implementation
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used in init. getevent is a board bringup tool built with a python script
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that pulls all the constants from the latest kernel headers.</p>
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<h3>Other Android /system/bin commands</h3>
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<p>Other than the toolbox links, the currently interesting
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binaries in /system/bin are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><b>arping</b> - ARP REQUEST tool (iputils)</li>
|
|
<li><b>blkid</b> - identify block devices (e2fsprogs)</li>
|
|
<li><b>e2fsck</b> - fsck for ext2/ext3/ext4 (e2fsprogs)</li>
|
|
<li><b>fsck.f2fs</b> - fsck for f2fs (f2fs-tools)</li>
|
|
<li><b>fsck_msdos</b> - fsck for FAT (BSD)</li>
|
|
<li><b>gzip</b> - compression/decompression tool (zlib)</li>
|
|
<li><b>ip</b> - network routing tool (iproute2)</li>
|
|
<li><b>iptables/ip6tables</b> - IPv4/IPv6 NAT admin (iptables)</li>
|
|
<li><b>iw</b> - wireless device config tool (iw)</li>
|
|
<li><b>logwrapper</b> - redirect stdio to android log (Android)</li>
|
|
<li><b>make_ext4fs</b> - make ext4 fs (Android)</li>
|
|
<li><b>make_f2fs</b> - make f2fs fs (f2fs-tools)</li>
|
|
<li><b>ping/ping6</b> - ICMP ECHO_REQUEST tool (iputils)</li>
|
|
<li><b>reboot</b> - reboot (Android)</li>
|
|
<li><b>resize2fs</b> - resize ext2/ext3/ext4 fs (e2fsprogs)</li>
|
|
<li><b>sh</b> - mksh (BSD)</li>
|
|
<li><b>ss</b> - socket statistics (iproute2)</li>
|
|
<li><b>tc</b> - traffic control (iproute2)</li>
|
|
<li><b>tracepath/tracepath6</b> - trace network path (iputils)</li>
|
|
<li><b>traceroute/traceroute6</b> - trace network route (iputils)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>The names in parentheses are the upstream source of the command.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Analysis</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>For reference, combining everything listed above that's still "fair game"
|
|
for toybox, we get:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
arping blkid e2fsck dd fsck.f2fs fsck_msdos gzip ip iptables
|
|
ip6tables iw logwrapper make_ext4fs make_f2fs modpobe newfs_msdos ping ping6
|
|
reboot resize2fs sh ss tc tracepath tracepath6 traceroute traceroute6
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>We may eventually implement all of that, but for toybox 1.0 we need to
|
|
focus a bit. If Android has an acceptable external package, and the command
|
|
isn't needed for system bootstrapping, replacing the external package is
|
|
not a priority.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>However, several commands toybox plans to implement anyway could potentially
|
|
replace existing Android versions, so we should take into account Android's use
|
|
cases when doing so. This includes:</p>
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=toolbox>
|
|
dd getevent gzip modprobe newfs_msdos sh
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Update: <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/system/core/Android.bp>
|
|
external/toybox/Android.bp</a> has symlinks for the following toys out
|
|
of "pending". (The toybox modprobe is also built for the device, but
|
|
it isn't actually used and is only there for sanity checking against
|
|
the libmodprobe-based implementation.) These should be a priority for
|
|
cleanup:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
bc dd diff expr getfattr lsof more stty tr traceroute
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Android wishlist:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
mtools genvfatfs mke2fs gene2fs
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<h2><a name=aosp /><a href="#aosp">Use case: Building AOSP</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The list of external tools used to build AOSP was
|
|
<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/build/soong/+/master/ui/build/paths/config.go">here</a>,
|
|
but as they're switched over to toybox they disappear and reappear
|
|
<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/prebuilts/build-tools/+/refs/heads/master/path/linux-x86/">here</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
awk basename bash bc bzip2 cat chmod cmp comm cp cut date dd diff dirname du
|
|
echo egrep env expr find fuser getconf getopt git grep gzip head hexdump
|
|
hostname id jar java javap ln ls lsof m4 make md5sum mkdir mktemp mv od openssl
|
|
paste patch pgrep pkill ps pstree pwd python python2.7 python3 readlink
|
|
realpath rm rmdir rsync sed setsid sh sha1sum sha256sum sha512sum
|
|
sleep sort stat tar tail tee todos touch tr true uname uniq unix2dos unzip
|
|
wc which whoami xargs xxd xz zip zipinfo
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following are already in the tree and will be used directly:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
awk bzip2 jar java javap m4 make python python2.7 python3 xz
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subtracting what's already in toybox (including the following toybox toys
|
|
that are still in pending: <code>bc dd diff expr gzip lsof tar tr</code>),
|
|
that leaves:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
bash fuser getopt git hexdump openssl pstree rsync sh todos unzip zip zipinfo
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>For AOSP, zip/zipinfo/unzip are likely to be libziparchive based. The
|
|
todos callers will use unix2dos instead if it's available. git/openssl
|
|
seem like they should just be brought in to the tree. rsync is used to
|
|
work around a Mac <code>cp -Rf</code> bug with broken symbolic links. That
|
|
leaves:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
bash fuser getopt hexdump pstree
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>(Why are fuser and pstree used during the AOSP build? They're used for
|
|
diagnostics if something goes wrong. So it's really just bash, getopt,
|
|
and hexdump that are actually used to build.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<h2><a name=tizen /><a href="#tizen">Use case: Tizen Core</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The Tizen project has expressed a desire to eliminate GPLv3 software
|
|
from its core system, and is installing toybox as
|
|
<a href=https://wiki.tizen.org/wiki/Toybox>part of this process</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>They have a fairly long list of new commands they'd like to see in toybox:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=tizen>
|
|
arch base64 users unexpand shred join csplit
|
|
hostid nproc runcon sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum sha3sum mkfs.vfat fsck.vfat
|
|
dosfslabel uname stdbuf pinky diff3 sdiff zcmp zdiff zegrep zfgrep zless zmore
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>In addition, they'd like to use several commands currently in pending:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=tizen>
|
|
tar diff printf wget rsync fdisk vi less tr test stty fold expr dd
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Also, tizen uses a different Linux Security Module called SMACK, so
|
|
many of the SELinux options ala ls -Z need smack alternatives in an
|
|
if/else setup.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr /><a name=buildroot />
|
|
<h2>buildroot:</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href=https://buildroot.org/downloads/manual/manual.html#requirement-mandatory>mandatory packages</a>
|
|
section of the buildroot manual lists:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
which sed make bash patch gzip bzip2 tar cpio unzip rsync file bc wget
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>(It also lists binutils gcc g++ perl python, and for debian it wants
|
|
build-essential. And it wants file to be in /usr/bin because
|
|
<a href=https://git.busybox.net/buildroot/tree/support/dependencies/dependencies.sh?h=2018.02.x#n84>libtool
|
|
breaks otherwise</a>.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Buildroot does not support a cross toolchain that lives in "/usr/bin"
|
|
with a prefix of "" (if you try, and chop out the test for a blank prefix,
|
|
it dies trying to run "/usr/bin/-gcc"). But you can patch your way to
|
|
making it work if you try.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr /><a name=klibc />
|
|
<h2>klibc:</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Long ago some kernel developers came up with a project called
|
|
<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc>klibc</a>.
|
|
After a decade of development it still has no web page or HOWTO,
|
|
and nobody's quite sure if the license is BSD or GPL. It inexplicably
|
|
<a href=http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-center/perl-isnt-going-anywhere-better-or-worse-211580>requires perl to build</a>, and seems like an ideal candidate for
|
|
replacement.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In addition to a C library even less capable than bionic (obsoleted by
|
|
musl), klibc builds a random assortment of executables to run init scripts
|
|
with. There's no multiplexer command, these are individual executables:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p><b>
|
|
cat chroot cpio dd dmesg false fixdep fstype gunzip gzip halt ipconfig kill
|
|
kinit ln losetup ls minips mkdir mkfifo mknodes
|
|
mksyntax mount mv nfsmount nuke pivot_root poweroff readlink reboot resume
|
|
run-init sh sha1hash sleep sync true umount uname zcat
|
|
</b></p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>To get that list, build klibc according to the instructions (I
|
|
<a href=http://landley.net/notes-2013.html#23-01-2013>looked at</a> version
|
|
2.0.2 and did cd klibc-*; ln -s /output/of/kernel/make/headers_install
|
|
linux; make) then <b>echo $(for i in $(find . -type f); do file $i | grep -q
|
|
executable && basename $i; done | grep -v '[.]g$' | sort -u)</b> to find
|
|
executables, then eliminate the *.so files and *.shared duplicates.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Some of those binaries are build-time tools that don't get installed,
|
|
which removes mknodes, mksyntax, sha1hash, and fixdep from the list.
|
|
(And sha1hash is just an unpolished sha1sum anyway.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The run-init command is more commonly called switch_root, nuke is just
|
|
"rm -rf -- $@", and minips is more commonly called "ps". I'm not doing aliases
|
|
for the oddball names.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Yet more stale forks of dash and gzip sucked in here (see "dubious
|
|
license terms" above), adding nothing to the other projects we've looked at.
|
|
But we still need sh, gunzip, gzip, and zcat to replace this package.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>At the time I did the initial analysis toybox already had cat, chroot, dmesg, false,
|
|
kill, ln, losetup, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, readlink, rm, switch_root, sleep, sync,
|
|
true, and uname.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The low hanging fruit is cpio, dd, ps, mv, and pivot_root.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The "kinit" command is another gratuitous rename, it's init running as PID 1.
|
|
The halt, poweroff, and reboot commands work with it.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>I've got mount and umount queued up already, fstype and nfsmount go with
|
|
those. (And probably smbmount and p9mount, but this hasn't got one. Those
|
|
are all about querying for login credentials, probably workable into the
|
|
base mount command.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The ipconfig command here has a built in dhcp client, so it's ifconfig
|
|
and dhcpcd and maybe some other stuff.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The resume command is... weird. It finds a swap partition and reads data
|
|
from it into a /proc file, something the kernel is capable of doing itself.
|
|
(Even though the klibc author
|
|
<a href=http://www.zytor.com/pipermail/klibc/2006-June/001748.html>attempted
|
|
to remove</a> that capability from the kernel, current kernel/power/hibernate.c
|
|
still parses "resume=" on the command line). And yet various distros seem to
|
|
make use of klibc for this.
|
|
Given the history of swsusp/hibernate (and
|
|
<a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/333007>TuxOnIce</a>
|
|
and <a href=http://lwn.net/Articles/242107>kexec jump</a>) I've lost track
|
|
of the current state of the art here. Ah, Documentation/power/userland-swsusp.txt
|
|
has the API docs, and <a href=http://suspend.sf.net>here's a better
|
|
tool</a>...</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So the list of things actually in klibc are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=klibc_cmd>
|
|
cat chroot dmesg false kill ln losetup ls mkdir mkfifo readlink rm switch_root
|
|
sleep sync true uname
|
|
|
|
cpio dd ps mv pivot_root
|
|
mount nfsmount fstype umount
|
|
sh gunzip gzip zcat
|
|
kinit halt poweroff reboot
|
|
ipconfig
|
|
resume
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=glibc />
|
|
<h2>glibc</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Rather a lot of command line utilities come bundled with glibc:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
catchsegv getconf getent iconv iconvconfig ldconfig ldd locale localedef
|
|
mtrace nscd rpcent rpcinfo tzselect zdump zic
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Of those, musl libc only implements ldd.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>catchsegv is a rudimentary debugger, probably out of scope for toybox.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>iconv has been <a href="#susv4">previously discussed</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>iconvconfig is only relevant if iconv is user-configurable; musl uses a
|
|
non-configurable iconv.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>getconf is a posix utility which displays several variables from
|
|
unistd.h; it probably belongs in the development toolchain.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>getent handles retrieving entries from passwd-style databases
|
|
(in a rather lame way) and is trivially replacable by grep.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>locale was discussed under <a href=#susv4>posix</a>.
|
|
localedef compiles locale definitions, which musl currently does not use.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>mtrace is a perl script to use the malloc debugging that glibc has built-in;
|
|
this is not relevant for musl, and would necessarily vary with libc. </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>nscd is a name service caching daemon, which is not yet relevant for musl.
|
|
rpcinfo and rpcent are related to rpc, which musl does not include.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The remaining commands involve glibc's bundled timezone database,
|
|
which seems to be derived from the <a href=http://www.iana.org/time-zones>IANA
|
|
timezone database</a>. Unless we want to maintain our own fork of the
|
|
standards body's database like glibc does, these are of no interest,
|
|
but for completeness:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>tzselect outputs a TZ variable correponding to user input.
|
|
The documentation does not indicate how to use it in a script, but it seems
|
|
that Debian may have done so.
|
|
zdump prints current time in each of several timezones, optionally
|
|
outputting a great deal of extra information about each timezone.
|
|
zic converts a description of a timezone to a file in tz format.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>None of glibc's bundled commands are currently of interest to toybox.</p>
|
|
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=sash />
|
|
<h2>Stand-Alone Shell</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Wikipedia has <a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell>a good
|
|
summary of sash</a>, with links. The original Stand-Alone Shell project reached
|
|
a stopping point, and then <a href=http://www.baiti.net/sash>"sash plus
|
|
patches"</a> extended it a bit further. The result is a megabyte executable
|
|
that provides 40 commands.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Sash is a shell with built-in commands. It doesn't have a multiplexer
|
|
command, meaning "sash ls -l" doesn't work (you have to go "sash -c 'ls -l'").
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The list of commands can be obtained via building it and doing
|
|
"echo help | ./sash | awk '{print $1}' | sed 's/^-//' | xargs echo", which
|
|
gives us:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
alias aliasall ar cd chattr chgrp chmod chown cmp cp chroot dd echo ed exec
|
|
exit file find grep gunzip gzip help kill losetup losetup ln ls lsattr mkdir
|
|
mknod more mount mv pivot_root printenv prompt pwd quit rm rmdir setenv source
|
|
sum sync tar touch umask umount unalias where
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Plus sh because it's a shell. A dozen or so commands can only sanely be
|
|
implemented as shell builtins (alias aliasall cd exec exit prompt quit setenv
|
|
source umask unalias), where is an alias for which, and at triage time toybox
|
|
already has chgrp, chmod, chown, cmp, cp, chroot, echo, help, kill, losetup,
|
|
ln, ls, mkdir, mknod, printenv, pwd, rm, rmdir, sync, and touch.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This leaves:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=sash_cmd>
|
|
ar chattr dd ed file find grep gunzip gzip lsattr more mount mv pivot_root
|
|
sh tar umount
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>(For once, this project doesn't include a fork of gzip, instead
|
|
it sucks in -lz from the host.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=sbase />
|
|
<h2>sbase:</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>It's <a href=http://git.suckless.org/sbase>on suckless</a> in
|
|
<a href=http://git.suckless.org/ubase>two parts</a>. As of November 2015 it's
|
|
implemented the following (renaming "cron" to "crond" for
|
|
consistency, and yanking "sponge", "mesg", "pagesize", "respawn", and
|
|
"vtallow"):</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
<span id=sbase_cmd>
|
|
basename cal cat chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum cmp comm cp crond cut date
|
|
dirname du echo env expand expr false find flock fold getconf grep head
|
|
hostname join kill link ln logger logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mktemp mv
|
|
nice nl nohup od paste printenv printf pwd readlink renice rm rmdir sed seq
|
|
setsid sha1sum sha256sum sha512sum sleep sort split strings sync tail
|
|
tar tee test tftp time touch tr true tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uudecode
|
|
uuencode wc which xargs yes
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>and<p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
<span id=sbase_cmd>
|
|
chvt clear dd df dmesg eject fallocate free id login mknod mountpoint
|
|
passwd pidof ps stat su truncate unshare uptime watch
|
|
who
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=nash />
|
|
<h2>nash:</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Red Hat's nash was part of its "mkinitrd" package, replacement for a shell
|
|
and utilities on the boot floppy back in the 1990's (the same general idea
|
|
as BusyBox, developed independently). Red Hat discontinued nash development
|
|
in 2010, replacing it with dracut (which collects together existing packages,
|
|
including busybox).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>I couldn't figure out how to beat source code out of
|
|
<a href=http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/git/mkinitrd>Fedora's current git</a>
|
|
repository. The last release version that used it was Fedora Core 12
|
|
which has <a href=http://archive.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/12/Fedora/source/SRPMS/mkinitrd-6.0.93-1.fc12.src.rpm>a source rpm</a>
|
|
that can be unwound with "rpm2cpio mkinitrd.src.rpm | cpio -i -d -H newc
|
|
--no-absolute-filenames" and in there is a mkinitrd-6.0.93.tar.bz2 which
|
|
has the source.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In addition to being a bit like a command shell, the nash man page lists the
|
|
following commands:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
access echo find losetup mkdevices mkdir mknod mkdmnod mkrootdev mount
|
|
pivot_root readlink raidautorun setquiet showlabels sleep switchroot umount
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Oddly, the only occurrence of the string pivot_root in the nash source code
|
|
is in the man page, the command isn't there. (It seems to have been removed
|
|
when the underscoreless switchroot went in.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A more complete list seems to be the handlers[] array in nash.c:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
access buildEnv cat cond cp daemonize dm echo exec exit find kernelopt
|
|
loadDrivers loadpolicy mkchardevs mkblktab mkblkdevs mkdir mkdmnod mknod
|
|
mkrootdev mount netname network null plymouth hotplug killplug losetup
|
|
ln ls raidautorun readlink resume resolveDevice rmparts setDeviceEnv
|
|
setquiet setuproot showelfinterp showlabels sleep stabilized status switchroot
|
|
umount waitdev
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>This list is nuts: "plymouth" is an alias for "null" which is basically
|
|
"true" (which thie above list doesn't have). Things like buildEnv and
|
|
loadDrivers are bespoke Red Hat behavior that might as well be hardwired in
|
|
to nash's main() without being called.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Instead of eliminating items
|
|
from the list with an explanation for each, I'm just going to cherry pick
|
|
a few: the device mapper (dm, raidautorun) is probably interesting,
|
|
hotplug (may be obsolete due to kernel changes that now load firmware
|
|
directly), and another "resume" ala klibc.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>But mostly: I don't care about this one. And neither does Red Hat anymore.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verdict: ignore</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=beastiebox />
|
|
<h2>Beastiebox</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Back in 2008, the BSD guys vented some busybox-envy
|
|
<a href=http://beastiebox.sourceforge.net>on sourceforge</a>. Then stopped.
|
|
Their repository is still in CVS, hasn't been touched in years, it's a giant
|
|
hairball of existing code sucked together. (The web page says the author
|
|
is aware of crunchgen, but decided to do this by hand anyway. This is not
|
|
a collection of new code, it's a katamari of existing code rolled up in a
|
|
ball.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Combining the set of commands listed on the web page with the set of
|
|
man pages in the source gives us:</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
[ cat chmod cp csh date df disklabel dmesg echo ex fdisk fsck fsck_ffs getty
|
|
halt hostname ifconfig init kill less lesskey ln login ls lv mksh more mount
|
|
mount_ffs mv pfctl ping poweroff ps reboot rm route sed sh stty sysctl tar test
|
|
traceroute umount vi wiconfig
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Apparently lv is the missing link between ed and vi, copyright 1982-1997 (do
|
|
not want), ex is another obsolete vi mode, lesskey is "used to
|
|
specify a set of key bindings to be used with less", and csh is a shell they
|
|
sucked in (even though they have mksh?), [ is an alias for test. Several more bsd-isms that don't have Linux
|
|
equivalents (even in the ubuntu "install this package" search) are
|
|
disklabel, fsck_ffs, mount_ffs, and pfctl. And wiconfig is a
|
|
wavelan interface network card driver utility. Subtracting all that and the
|
|
commands toybox already implements at triage time, we get:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><p>
|
|
<span id=beastiebox_cmd>
|
|
fdisk fsck getty halt ifconfig init kill less more mount mv ping poweroff
|
|
ps reboot route sed sh stty sysctl tar test traceroute umount vi
|
|
</span>
|
|
</p></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>Not a hugely interesting list, but eh.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verdict: ignore</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=BsdBox />
|
|
<h2>BsdBox</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Somebody decided to do a <a href=https://wiki.freebsd.org/AdrianChadd/BsdBox>multicall binary for freebsd</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>They based it on crunchgen, a tool that glues existing programs together
|
|
into an archive and uses the name to execute the right one. It has no
|
|
simplification or code sharing benefits whatsoever, it's basically an
|
|
archiver that produces executables.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>That's about where I stopped reading.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verdict: ignore.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=slowaris />
|
|
<h2>OpenSolaris Busybox</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Somebody <a href=http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+busybox/>wrote
|
|
a wiki page</a> saying that Busybox for OpenSolaris would be a good idea.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The corresponding "files" tab is an auto-generated stub. The project never
|
|
even got as far as suggesting commands to include before Oracle discontinued
|
|
OpenSolaris.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verdict: ignore.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=uclinux />
|
|
<h2>uClinux</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Long ago a hardware developer named Jeff Dionne put together a
|
|
nommu Linux distribution, which involved rewriting a lot of command line
|
|
utilities that relied on <a href=http://nommu.org/memory-faq.txt>features
|
|
unavailable on nommu</a> hardware.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In 2003 Jeff moved to Japan and handed
|
|
the project off to people who allowed it to roll to a stop. The website
|
|
turned into a mess of 404 links, the navigation indexes stopped being
|
|
updated over a decade ago, and the project's CVS repository suffered a
|
|
hard drive failure for which there were no backups. The project continued
|
|
to put out "releases" through 2014 (you have to scroll down in the "news"
|
|
section to find them, the "HTTP download" section in the nav bar on the
|
|
left hasn't been updated in over a decade), which were hand-updated tarball
|
|
snapshots mostly consisting of software from the 1990's. For example the
|
|
2014 release still contained ipfwadm, the package which predated ipchains,
|
|
which predated iptables, which is in the process of being replaced by
|
|
nftables.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Nevertheless, people still try to use this because (at least until the
|
|
launch of <a href=http://nommu.org>nommu.org</a>) the project was viewed
|
|
as the place to discuss, develop, and learn about nommu Linux.
|
|
The role of uclinux.org as an educational resource kept people coming
|
|
to it long after it had collapsed as a Linux distro.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Starting around 0.6.0 toybox began to address nommu support with the goal
|
|
of putting uClinux out of its misery.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>An analysis of <a href=http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/dist/uClinux-dist-20140504.tar.bz2>uClinux-dist-20140504</a> found 312 package
|
|
subdirectories under "user".</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Taking out the trash</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>A bunch of packages (<b>inotify-tools, input-event-demon, ipsec-tools, netifd,
|
|
keepalived, mobile-broadband-provider-info, nuttp, readline, snort,
|
|
snort-barnyard, socat, sqlite, sysklogd, sysstat, tcl, ubus, uci, udev,
|
|
unionfs, uqmi, usb_modeswitch, usbutils, util-linux</b>)
|
|
are hard to evaluate because
|
|
uclinux has directories for them, but their source isn't actually in the
|
|
uclinux tree. In some of these the makefiles download a git repo during
|
|
the build, so I'm assuming you can build the external package if you really
|
|
care. (Even when I know what these packages do, I'm skipping them
|
|
because uclinux doesn't actually contain them, and any given snapshot
|
|
of the build system will bitrot as external web links change over time.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Other packages are orphaned, meaning they're not mentioned from any Kconfig
|
|
or Makefiles outside of their directory, so uclinux can't actually build
|
|
them: <b>mbus</b> is an orphaned i2c test program expecting to run in some sort
|
|
of hardwired hardware context, <b>mkeccbin</b> is an orphaned "ECC annotated
|
|
binary file" generator (meaning it's half of a flash writer),
|
|
<b>wsc_upnp</b> is a "Ralink WPS" driver (some sort of stale wifi chip)...</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The majority of the remaining packages are probably not of interest to
|
|
toybox due to being so obsolete or special purpose they may not actually be
|
|
of interest to anybody anymore. (This list also includes a lot of
|
|
special-purpose network back-end stuff that's hard for anybody but
|
|
datacenter admins to evaluate the current relevance of.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b><p>
|
|
arj asterisk boottools bpalogin br2684ctl camserv can4linux cgi_generic
|
|
cgihtml clamav clamsmtp conntrack-tools cramfs crypto-tools cxxtest
|
|
ddns3-client de2ts-cal debug demo diald discard dnsmasq dnsmasq2
|
|
ethattach expat-examples ez-ipupdate fakeidentd
|
|
fconfig ferret flatfs flthdr freeradius freeswan frob-led frox fswcert
|
|
game gettyd gnugk haserl horch
|
|
hostap hping httptunnel ifattach ipchains
|
|
ipfwadm ipmasqadm ipportfw ipredir ipset iso_client
|
|
jamvm jffs-tools jpegview jquery-ui kendin-config kismet klaxon kmod
|
|
l2tpd lcd ledcmd ledcon lha lilo lirc lissa load loattach
|
|
lpr lrpstat lrzsz mail mbus mgetty microwin ModemManager msntp musicbox
|
|
nooom null openswan openvpn palmbot pam_* pcmcia-cs playrt plugdaemon pop3proxy
|
|
potrace qspitest quagga radauth
|
|
ramimage readprofile rdate readprofile routed rrdtool rtc-ds1302
|
|
sendip ser sethdlc setmac setserial sgutool sigs siproxd slattach
|
|
smtpclient snmpd net-snmp snortrules speedtouch squashfs scep sslwrap stp
|
|
stunnel tcpblast tcpdump tcpwrappers threaddemos tinylogin tinyproxy
|
|
tpt tripwire unrar unzoo version vpnled w3cam xl2tpd zebra
|
|
</p></b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>This stuff is all over the place: arj, lha, rar, and zoo are DOS archivers,
|
|
ethattach describes itself as just "a network tool",
|
|
mail is a textmode smtp mailer literally described as "Some kind of mail
|
|
proggy" in uclinux's kconfig (as opposed to clamsmtp and smtpclient and
|
|
so on), this gettyd isn't a generic version but specifically a
|
|
hardwired ppp dialin utility, mgetty isn't a generic version but is combined
|
|
with "sendfax", hostap is an intersil prism driver, wlan-ng is also an
|
|
intersil prism dirver, null is a program to intentionally dereference a
|
|
null pointer (in case you needed one), iso_client is a
|
|
"Demo Application for the USB Device Driver", kendin-config is
|
|
"for configuring the Micrel Kendin KS8995M over QSPI", speedtouch configures
|
|
a specific brand of asdl modem, portmap is part of Anfs,
|
|
ferret, linux-igd, and miniupnp are all upnp packages,
|
|
lanbypass "can be used to control the LAN
|
|
bypass switches on the Advantech x86 based hardware platforms", lcd is
|
|
"test of lcddma device driver" (an out-of-tree Coldfire driver apparently
|
|
lost to history, the uclinux linux-2.4.x directory has a config symbol for
|
|
it, but nothing in the code actually _uses_ it...), qspitest is another
|
|
coldfire thing, mii-tool-fec is
|
|
"strictly for the FEC Ethernet driver as implemented (and modified) for
|
|
the uCdimm5272", rtc-ds1302 and rtc-m41t11 are usermode drivers for specific
|
|
clock chips, stunnel is basically "openssl s_client -quiet -connect",
|
|
potrace is a bitmap to vector graphic converter, radauth performs command line
|
|
authentication against a radius server,
|
|
clamav, klaxon, ferret, l7-protocols, and nessus are very old network security
|
|
software (it's got a stale snapshot of nmap too), xl2tpd is a PPP over UDP
|
|
tunnel (rfc 2661), zebra is the package quagga replaced,
|
|
lilo is the x86-only bootloader that predated grub (and recently discontinued
|
|
development), lissa is a "framebuffer graphics demo" from
|
|
1998, the squashfs package here is the out of tree patches for 2.4 kernels
|
|
and such before the filesystem was merged upstream (as opposed to the
|
|
squashfs-new package which is a snapshot of the userspace tool from 2011),
|
|
load is basically "dd file /dev/spi", version is basically "cat /proc/version",
|
|
microwin is a port of the WinCE graphics API to Linux, scep is a 2003
|
|
implementation of an IETF draft abandoned in 2010, tpt depends on
|
|
Andrew Morton's 15 year old unmerged "timepegs" kernel patch using the pentium
|
|
cycle counter, vpnled controls a light that reboots systems (what?),
|
|
w3cam is a video4linux 1.0 client (v4l2 showed up during 2.5 and support for
|
|
the old v4l1 was removed in 2.6.38 back in 2011), busybox ate tinylogin
|
|
over a decade ago, lrpstat is a java network monitor
|
|
from 2001, lrzsz is zmodem/ymodem/zmodem, msntp and stp implement rfc2030
|
|
meaning it overflows in 2036 (the package was last updated in 2000), rdate
|
|
is rfc 868 meaning it also overflows in 2036 (which is why ntp was invented
|
|
a few decades back), reiserfsprogs development stopped abruptly after
|
|
Hans Reiser was convicted of murdering his wife Nina (denying it on the
|
|
stand and then leading them to the body as part of his plea bargain during
|
|
sentencing)...
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Seriously, there's a lot of crap in there. It's hard to analyze most
|
|
of it far enough to prove it _doesn't_ do anything.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Non-toybox programs</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following software may actually still do something intelligible
|
|
(although the package versions tend to be years out of date), but
|
|
it's not a direction toybox has chosen to go in.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are several programming languages (<b>bash, lua, jamvm, tinytcl,
|
|
perl, python</b>) in there. Maybe someone somewhere wants a 2008 release of a
|
|
java virtual machine tested to work on nommu systems (jamvm), but it's out
|
|
of scope for toybox.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A bunch of benchmark programs: <b>cpu, dhrystone, mathtest, nbench, netperf,
|
|
netpipe, and whetstone</b>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A bunch of web servers: <b>appWeb, boa, fnord (via tcpserver), goahead, httpd,
|
|
mini_httpd, and thttpd</b>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A bunch of shells: <b>msh</b> is a clever (I.E. obfuscated) little shell,
|
|
<b>nwsh</b> is "new shell" (that's what it called itself in 1999 anyway),
|
|
<b>sash</b> is another shell with a bunch of builtins (ls, ps, df, cp, date, reboot,
|
|
and shutdown, this roadmap analyzes it <a href="#sash">elsewhere</a>),
|
|
<b>sh</b> is a very old minix shell fork, and <b>tcsh</b> is also a shell.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Also in this category, we have:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b><p>
|
|
dropbear jffs-tools jpegview kexec-tools bind ctorrent
|
|
iperf iproute2 ip-sentinel iptables kexec
|
|
nmap oggplay openssl oprofile p7zip pppd pptp play vplay
|
|
hdparm mp3play at clock
|
|
mtd-utils mysql logrotate brcfg bridge-utils flashw
|
|
ebtables etherwake ethtool expect gdb gdbserver hostapd
|
|
lm_sensors load netflash netstat-nat
|
|
radvd recover rootloader resolveip rp-pppoe
|
|
rsyslog rsyslogd samba smbmount squashfs-new squid ssh strace tip
|
|
uboot-envtools ulogd usbhubctrl vconfig vixie-cron watchdogd
|
|
wireless_tools wpa_supplicant
|
|
</p></b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>An awful lot of those are borderline: play and vplay are wav file
|
|
audio players, there's oprofile _and_ readprofile (which just reads kernel
|
|
profiling data from /proc/profile),
|
|
radvd is a "routr advertisement daemon" (ipv6 stateless autoconf),
|
|
ctorrent is a bittorent client,
|
|
lm_sensors is hardware (heat?) monitoring,
|
|
resolveip is dig only less so,
|
|
rp-pppoe is ppp over ethernet,
|
|
ebtables is an ethernet version of iptables (for bridging),
|
|
their dropbear is from 2012, and that ssh version is from 2011
|
|
(which means it's about nine months too _old_ to have the heartbleed bug).
|
|
There's both ulogd and ulogd2 (no idea why), and pppd is version 2.4 but
|
|
there's a ppd-2.3 directory also.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Lots of flash stuff:
|
|
flashw is a flash writer, load is an spi flash loader, netflash writes
|
|
to flash via tftp,
|
|
recover is also a reflash daemon intended to come up when the system can't boot,
|
|
rootloader seems to be another reflash daemon but without dhcp.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Already in roadmap</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following packages contain commands already in the toybox roadmap:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><b><p>
|
|
agetty cal cksum cron dhcpcd dhcpcd-new dhcpd dhcp-isc dosfstools e2fsprogs
|
|
elvis-tiny levee fdisk fileutils ftp ftpd grep hd hwclock inetd init ntp
|
|
iputils login module-init-tools netcat shutils ntpdate lspci ping procps
|
|
proftpd rsync shadow shutils stty sysutils telnet telnetd tftp tftpd traceroute
|
|
unzip wget mawk net-tools
|
|
</p></b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are some duplicates in there, levee is a tiny vi implementation
|
|
like elvis-tiny, ntp and ntpdate overlap, etc.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Verdict: We don't really need to do a whole lot special for nommu
|
|
systems, just get the existing toybox roadmap working on nommu and
|
|
we're good. The uClinux project can rest in peace.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<h2>Requests:</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following additional commands have been requested (and often submitted)
|
|
by various users. I _really_ need to clean up this section.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Also:</p>
|
|
<blockquote><b>
|
|
<span id=request>
|
|
dig freeramdisk getty halt hexdump hwclock klogd modprobe ping ping6 pivot_root
|
|
poweroff readahead rev sfdisk sudo syslogd taskset telnet telnetd tracepath
|
|
traceroute unzip usleep vconfig zip free login modinfo unshare netcat help w
|
|
iwconfig iwlist rdate
|
|
dos2unix unix2dos catv clear
|
|
pmap realpath setsid timeout truncate
|
|
mkswap swapon swapoff
|
|
count oneit fstype
|
|
acpi blkid eject pwdx
|
|
sulogin rfkill bootchartd
|
|
arp makedevs sysctl killall5 crond crontab deluser last mkpasswd watch
|
|
blockdev rpm2cpio arping brctl dumpleases fsck
|
|
tcpsvd tftpd
|
|
factor fallocate fsfreeze inotifyd lspci nbd-client partprobe strings
|
|
base64 mix
|
|
reset hexedit nsenter shred
|
|
fsync insmod ionice lsmod lsusb rmmod vmstat xxd top iotop
|
|
lsof ionice compress dhcp dhcpd addgroup delgroup host iconv ip
|
|
ipcrm ipcs netstat openvt
|
|
deallocvt iorenice
|
|
udpsvd adduser
|
|
microcom tunctl chrt getfattr setfattr
|
|
kexec
|
|
ascii crc32 devmem fmt i2cdetect i2cdump i2cget i2cset mcookie prlimit sntp ulimit uuidgen dhcp6 ipaddr iplink iproute iprule iptunnel cd exit toysh bash traceroute6
|
|
blkdiscard rtcwake
|
|
watchdog
|
|
</span>
|
|
</b></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<a name=packages />
|
|
<h2>Other packages</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>System administrators have <a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox/issues/168#issuecomment-583725500>asked</a> what other Linux packages toybox commands
|
|
replace, so they can annotate alternatives in their package management system.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section uses the package definitions from Chapter 6 of
|
|
<a href=http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.0/LFS-BOOK-9.0-NOCHUNKS.html>Linux From Scratch 9.0</a>). Each package lists what we currently
|
|
replace, pending commands [in square brackets], and what we DON'T plan to
|
|
implement.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Each "see also" note means the listed package also installs the listed shared
|
|
libraries. (While toybox contains equivalent functionality to a lot of these
|
|
shared libraries in its lib/ directory, it does not currently provide a shared
|
|
library interface.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Packages toybox plans to provide complete-ish replacents for:</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><b>file</b>: file (see also: libmagic)</li>
|
|
<li><b>m4</b>: [m4]</li>
|
|
<li><b>bc</b>: [bc] [dc]</li>
|
|
<li><b>bison</b>: [yacc] (not: bison, see also: liby)</li>
|
|
<li><b>flex</b>: [lex] (not: flex flex++, see also: libfl)</li>
|
|
<li><b>make</b>: [make]</li>
|
|
<li><b>sed</b>: sed</li>
|
|
<li><b>grep</b>: grep egrep fgrep</li>
|
|
<li><b>bash</b>: bash sh (not: bashbug)</li>
|
|
<li><b>diffutils</b>: cmp [diff] [diff3] [sdiff]</li>
|
|
<li><b>gawk</b>: [awk] (not: gawk gawk-5.0.1)</li>
|
|
<li><b>findutils</b>: find xargs (not: locate updatedb)</li>
|
|
<li><b>less</b>: less (not: lessecho lesskey)</li>
|
|
<li><b>gzip</b>: zcat [gzip] [gunzip] [zcmp] [zdiff] [zegrep] [zfgrep] [zgrep] [zless] [zmore]
|
|
(not: gzexe uncompress zforce znew)</li>
|
|
<li><b>make</b>: [make]</li>
|
|
<li><b>patch</b>: patch</li>
|
|
<li><b>tar</b>: tar</li>
|
|
<li><b>procps-ng</b>: free pgrep pidof pkill ps sysctl top uptime vmstat w watch
|
|
[pmap] [pwdx] [slabtop]
|
|
(not: tload, see also libprocps)</li>
|
|
<li><b>sysklogd</b>: [klogd] [syslogd]</li>
|
|
<li><b>sysvinit</b>: [init] halt poweroff reboot killall5 [shutdown]
|
|
(not telinit runlevel fstab-decode bootlogd)</li>
|
|
<li><b>man</b>: man (but not accessdb apropos catman lexgrog mandb manpath whatis,
|
|
see also libman libmandb)</li>
|
|
<li><b>vim</b>: vi xxd (but not ex, rview, rvim, view, vim, vimdiff, vimtutor)</li>
|
|
<li><b>sysvinit</b>: [init] halt poweroff reboot killall5 [shutdown]
|
|
(not telinit runlevel fstab-decode bootlogd)</li>
|
|
<li><b>kmod</b>: insmod lsmod rmmod modinfo [modprobe]
|
|
(not: depmod kmod)</li>
|
|
<li><b>attr</b>: [getfattr] setfattr (not: attr, see also: libattr)</li>
|
|
<li><b>shadow</b>: [chfn] [chpasswd] [chsh] [groupadd] [groupdel] [groupmod]
|
|
[newusers] passwd [su] [useradd] [userdel] [usermod]
|
|
[lastlog] [login] [newgidmap] [newuidmap]
|
|
(not: chage expiry faillog groupmems grpck logoutd newgrp nologin pwck sg
|
|
vigr vipw, grpconv grpunconv pwconv pwunconv, chgpasswd gpasswd)</li>
|
|
<li><b>psmisc</b>: killall [fuser] [pstree] [peekfd] [prtstat]
|
|
(not: pslog pstree.x11)</li>
|
|
<li><b>inetutils</b>: dnsdomainname [ftp] hostname ifconfig ping ping6 [telnet] [tftp] [traceroute] (not: talk)</li>
|
|
<li><b>coreutils</b>: [ base32 base64 basename cat chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp cut date
|
|
dd df dirname du echo env expand factor false fmt fold groups head hostid id install
|
|
link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc od
|
|
paste printenv printf pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir seq sha1sum shred
|
|
sleep sort split stat sync tac tail tee test timeout touch true truncate
|
|
tty uname uniq unlink wc who whoami yes
|
|
[expr] [fold] [join] [numfmt] [runcon] [sha224sum] [sha256sum] [sha384sum]
|
|
[sha512sum] [stty] [b2sum] [tr] [unexpand]
|
|
(not: basenc chcon csplit dir dircolors pathchk
|
|
pinky pr ptx shuf stdbuf sum tsort users vdir, see also libstdbuf)</li>
|
|
<li><b>util-linux</b>: blkid blockdev cal chrt dmesg eject fallocate flock hwclock
|
|
ionice kill logger losetup mcookie mkswap more mount mountpoint nsenter
|
|
pivot_root prlimit rename renice rev setsid swapoff swapon switch_root taskset
|
|
umount unshare uuidgen
|
|
[addpart] [fdisk] [findfs] [findmnt] [fsck] [fsfreeze] [fstrim] [getopt]
|
|
[hexdump] [linux32] [linux64] [lsblk] [lscpu] [lsns] [setarch]
|
|
(not: agetty blkdiscard blkzone cfdisk chcpu chmem choom col
|
|
colcrt colrm column ctrlaltdel delpart fdformat fincore fsck.cramfs
|
|
fsck.minix ipcmk ipcrm ipcs isosize last lastb ldattach look lsipc
|
|
lslocks lslogins lsmem mesg mkfs mkfs.bfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.minix namei partx
|
|
raw readprofile resizepart rfkill rtcwake script scriptreplay
|
|
setterm sfdisk sulogin swaplabel ul
|
|
uname26 utmpdump uuidd uuidparse wall wdctl whereis wipefs
|
|
i386 x86_64 zramctl)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Commentary: toybox init doesn't do runlevels, man and vim are just the
|
|
relevant commands without the piles of strange overgrowth, and if you want
|
|
to call a toybox binary by another name you can create a symlink to a
|
|
symlink. If somebody really wants to argue for "gzexe" or similar, be
|
|
my guest, but there's a lot of obsolete crap in shadow, coreutils,
|
|
util-linux...</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>No idea why LFS is installing inetutils instead of net-tools
|
|
(which contains arp route ifconfig mii-tool nameif netstat and rarp that
|
|
toybox does or might implement, and plipconfig slattach that it probably won't.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Packages toybox plans to provide partial replacents for:</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Toybox provides replacements for some binaries from these packages,
|
|
but there are other useful binaries which this package provides that toybox
|
|
currently considers out of scope for the project:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><b>binutils</b>: strings [ar] [nm] [readelf] [size] [objcopy] [strip]
|
|
(not c++filt, dwp, elfedit, gprof. The following commands belong
|
|
in <a href=/code/qcc>qcc</a>: addr2line as ld objdump ranlib)</li>
|
|
<li><b>bzip2</b>: bunzip2 bzcat [bzcmp] [bzdiff] [bzegrep] [bzfgrep] [bzgrep] [bzless]
|
|
[bzmore] (not: bzip2, bzip2recover, see also libbz2)</li>
|
|
<li><b>xz</b>: [xzcat] [lzcat] [lzcmp] [lzdiff] [lzegrep] [lzfgrep] [lzgrep]
|
|
[lzless] [lzmadec, lzmainfo] [lzmore] [unlzma] [unxz] [xzcat]
|
|
[xzcmp] [xzdec] [xzdiff] [xzegrep] [xzfgrep] [xzgrep] [xzless] [xzmore]
|
|
(not: compression side, see also: liblzma)</li>
|
|
<li><b>ncurses</b>: clear reset (not: everything else, see also: libcurses)</li>
|
|
<li><b>e2fsprogs</b>: chattr lsattr [e2fsck] [mkfs.ext2] [mkfs.ext3]
|
|
[fsck.ext2] [fsck.ext3] [e2label] [resize2fs] [tune2fs]
|
|
(not badblocks compile_et debugfs dumpe2fse2freefrag e2image
|
|
e2mmpstatus e2scrub e2scrub_all e2undo e4crypt e4defrag filefrag
|
|
fsck.ext4 logsave mk_cmds mkfs.ext4 mklost+found)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Toybox provides several decompressors but compresses to a single format
|
|
(deflate, ala gzip/zlib). Our e2fsprogs doesn't currently plan to support
|
|
ext4 or defrag. The "qcc" reference is because someday an external project to glue
|
|
QEMU's <a href=https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob;f=tcg/README;h=bfa2e4ed246c;hb=HEAD>Tiny Code Generator</a>
|
|
to Fabrice Bellard's old <a href=http://landley.net/hg/tinycc>Tiny C Compiler</a>
|
|
making a multicall binary that does cc/ld/as for all the targets QEMU
|
|
supports (then use the
|
|
<a href=https://github.com/JuliaComputing/llvm-cbe>LLVM C Backend</a>
|
|
to compile LLVM itself to C for use as a modern replacement for
|
|
<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cfront>cfront</a> to bootstrap
|
|
C++ code) is under consideration
|
|
as a successor project to toybox. Until then things like objdump -d
|
|
(requiring target-specific disassembly for an unbounded number of architectures)
|
|
are out of scope for toybox. (This means drawing the line somewhere between
|
|
architecture-specific support in file and strace, and including a full
|
|
assembler for each architecture.)</p>
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Packages from LFS ch6 toybox does NOT plan to replace:</h3>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><b>linux-api-headers</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>man-pages glibc</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>zlib</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>readline</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>gmp</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>mpfr</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>mpc</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>gcc</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>pkg-config</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>ncurses</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>acl</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>libcap</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>psmisc</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>iana-etc</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>libtool</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>gdbm</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>gperf</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>expat</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>perl</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>XML::Parser</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>intltool</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>autoconf</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>automake</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>gettext</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>libelf</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>libffi</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>openssl</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>python</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>ninja</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>meson</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>check</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>groff</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>grub</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>libpipeline</b></li>
|
|
<li><b>texinfo</b></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>That said, we do implement our own zlib and readline replacements, and
|
|
presumably _could_ export them as library bindings. Plus we provide
|
|
our own version of a bunch of the section 1 man pages (as command help).
|
|
Possibly libcap and acl are interesting?</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3>Misc</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The kbd package has over a dozen commands, we only implement chvt. The
|
|
iproute2 package implements over a dozen commands, there's an "ip" in
|
|
pending but I'm not a fan (ifconfig and route and such should be extended
|
|
to work properly). We don't implement eudev, but toybox's maintainer
|
|
created busybox mdev way back when (which replaces it) and plans to do a
|
|
new one for toybox as soon as we work out what subset is still needed now that
|
|
devtmpfs is available.</p>
|
|
|
|
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